Validation and norms of Rye forgiveness scale among Iranian university students
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Validation and norms of Rye forgiveness scale among Iranian university students Sajjad Rezaei 1
&
Maryam Arfa 2 & Khadijeh Rezaei 3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The general purpose of the present research is normalization and validation of Rye Forgiveness Scale (RFS) that specifically measures victim’s responses toward an offender. For this purpose, we examined the test-retest reliability of RFS on 50 students with an interval of 3 weeks with a pilot study. Through obtained standard deviation at this stage, the final sample size was estimated in the original study (n = 1080) and students were selected by multistage cluster-random sampling method. RFS testretest reliability, the forgiveness Presence of Positive (PP), and Absence of Negative (AN) subscales were calculated to be 0.78, 0.73, and 0.75, respectively. In the original study,945 (375 males and 570 females) students with a mean age of 20.56 ± 3.41 took part. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for RFS as well as PP and AN subscales were estimated as 0.74, 0.71, and 0.75 respectively. RFS Scores (and its subscales) had a direct relationship with the measures of satisfaction and meaning in life, happiness and hope (r ≥ 0.40, p < .001); and in the expected directions predicted a significant proportion of the variance in scores for that measures. Eventually, the norm table was prepared by converting raw scores to z and T standardized scores, followed by calculating the percentile ranks for the whole group. The present research revealed that RFS is a tool with repeatable and reliable results and satisfactory validity coefficients. Keywords Rye forgiveness scale . Validity . Reliability . Normalization . College students
Introduction People often tend to react more severely to one who hurts them, the offender. On the other hand, the offender feels that the victim’s reaction would be stronger than his/her action and he/she should retaliate it. Thus, a destructive cycle of Brevenge^ is launched whose origin is perceived injustice on the part of the parties (Snyder et al. 2011). Stopping this defective cycle is so important that various communities have removed the law of compensation and retaliation from the revengers and transferred it to the courts for regulating revenge responses (Snyder et al. 2011). One of the mechanisms disruptive of this defective
* Sajjad Rezaei [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2
Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Psychology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
cycle is forgiveness, which is emphasized by the major monotheistic religions (Imanifar et al. 2012; Farhadian and Emmons 2009). In line with the purpose of this research, Rye, et al. (2001, p. 261) conceptualized forgiveness as Ba response toward an offender that involves letting go of negative affect (e.g., hostility), cognitions (e.g., thoughts of revenge), and behavior (e.g., verb
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