Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the European Portuguese version of the heartland forgiveness scale
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(2020) 18:289
RESEARCH
Open Access
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the European Portuguese version of the heartland forgiveness scale Fabio Ikedo1* , Luisa Castro2,3, Sofia Fraguas4, Francisca Rego1 and Rui Nunes1
Abstract Background: Forgiveness is linked with well-being, and social and health research has focused on the role and aspects of forgiveness that has been recently suggested as a phenomenon of public health importance. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) was developed gathering three subscales to assess the forgiveness of others, forgiveness of self, and forgiveness of situation. The present study aimed to adapt the HFS into European Portuguese, and investigate its reliability and validity. Methods: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation were conducted using a multistep forward-back translation process. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify that the factor structure is the same as in the original HFS. The short version of the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used to examine convergent validity. Results: A sample of 222 university students, selected through convenience sampling, was used to access the validity of the European Portuguese version of the HFS (EPHFS). Cronbach’s alpha for the European Portuguese HFS subscales were 0.777, 0.814 and 0.816 for Self, Others and Situation, respectively, indicating acceptable reliability. The 3-factor model of the original HFS was replicated in confirmatory factor analysis. As expected by evidence in the literature, positive and statistically significant correlations were found between SWLS and HFS and subscales. RRS showed negative and statistically significant correlations with HFS and subscales. Conclusions: The European Portuguese version of the HFS presented acceptable internal consistency, construct validity and confirmed the three-factor structure of the original HFS. Keywords: Forgiveness, Others, Self, Situation, Questionnaire, Psychometrics
Introduction Forgiveness has gained an increasing focus in social and health research. Recently, Dr. Tyler J. VanderWeele, professor at Harvard, wrote an editorial called “Is Forgiveness a Public Health Issue?” [1], stating that “because being wronged is common, and the effects of forgiveness on health are substantial, forgiveness should perhaps be * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
viewed as a phenomenon that is not only of moral, theological, and relational significance but of public health importance as well.” Among different researchers’ definitions, forgiveness can be defined as the framing of a perceived transgression such that the responses to the transgression (and its sequelae) and the transgressor are transformed from negative to positive or neutral. The object of forgiveness (source of a transgressi
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