Values, Interests, Goals, and Attitudes

These four terms refer to the main factors that sociologists appeal to in developing explanations that attribute motivations to agents (individual or collective). The different senses that can be given to the word ‘values’ are examined, along with the com

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Troubling Sociological Concepts

Martyn Hammersley

Troubling Sociological Concepts An Interrogation

Martyn Hammersley The Open University Milton Keynes, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-51643-7    ISBN 978-3-030-51644-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51644-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © agefotostock / Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

The very first lesson that we have a right to demand that logic shall teach us is how to make our ideas clear; and a most important one it is, depreciated only by minds who stand in need of it. —Charles Sanders Peirce, How to Make Our Ideas Clear CP5: 393

Written in the time of pandemic, this book is dedicated to all those I love, and to those who have lost their loved ones

Acknowledgement

Thanks go to Roger Gomm, for his friendship, assistance, and support over many years, and especially during the writing of this book.

ix

Contents

1 Introduction  1 2 Ideology 17 3 Culture 41 4 Society 71 5 Social Class107 6 Sex and Gender143 7 Ethnicity, Race, and Racism161 8 Power201 9 Values, Interests, Goals, and Attitudes219 Index235

xi

1 Introduction

The most succinct rationale for this book is that, in an important sense, sociologists often do not know what they are talking about. This is because they give insufficient attention to the vague, and multiple, senses of key terms they employ, as well as to the serious conceptual problems these can involve. Any understanding of the world depends to a considerable extent on the concepts in which it is framed.