Variables protecting mental health in the Spanish population affected by the COVID-19 pandemic
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Variables protecting mental health in the Spanish population affected by the COVID-19 pandemic María Auxiliadora Robles-Bello 1
&
David Sánchez-Teruel 2 & Nieves Valencia Naranjo 1
Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The pandemic produced by COVID-19 can lead the population to suffer serious psychological disorders. However, there are several psychosocial variables that can enhance resilient outcomes in adverse situations. The aim would be to establish the level of resilience of the general Spanish population exposed to a traumatic situation by the COVID-19 in order to identify which protective factors predict resilient outcomes. 1227 homebound people (863–70.3% women), aged 18–73 years (M = 28.10; SD = 12.88) reported on sociodemographic and psychological variables such as optimism, hope, self-efficacy and post-traumatic growth. Having a higher academic level (β = .47; CI (95%) = .11–.34; p < .01), being autonomous (β = .29; CI (95%) = 0.1–.09; p < .01), along with self-efficacy (β = .42; CI (95%) = .71–92; p < .01) and to a lesser extent optimism (β = .31; CI (95%) = .63–.84; p < .01) would be the predictive variables of a resilient outcome. A high level of statistical power (1-β = 1) and effect size (f2 = 19.2) is observed. The Spanish population exposed to confinement presents high levels of resilience, but no relevant post-traumatic growth has taken place. Keywords COVID-19 . Resilience . Self-efficacy . Optimism Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) began as a viral pneumonia in China in late 2019 and within two months took on pandemic proportions in most parts of the world (Mahase, 2020; World Health Organization-WHO, 2020). The ease of transmission, the lack of immunity in the population, the delay in testing to determine who can transmit the disease, the lack of protective equipment and the significant number of deaths, has meant that the population may feel high levels of stress (Torales, O’Higgins, Castaldelli-Maia, & Ventriglio, 2020). The actions taken in most countries include increasing hygiene measures, home confinement, reducing contact between people, and increasing social distancing (Clara-Rahola, 2020). All of these measures are unprecedented (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020), which has produced a threatening situation that can only be fought with responsible behaviour, as long as Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-02001132-1. * David Sánchez-Teruel [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
2
Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Avenue San Alberto Magno s/n; Planta Alta-708, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
there is no adequate medical treatment (Usher, Durkin, & Bhullar, 2020). Historically, human beings have suffered different types of losses due to war, violence, oppression and disasters, all of which have been well studied (Horesh & Brown, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic, like previous epidemics (
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