Ventilating Cities Air-flow Criteria for Healthy and Comfortable Urb
The majority of the world’s population live in environments with artificially weakened wind as buildings in urban areas form wind-breaks and reduce wind speeds. Anthropogenic heat is also generated and during the summer dense urban areas suffer from the u
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Shinsuke Kato
l
Kyosuke Hiyama
Editors
Ventilating Cities Air-flow Criteria for Healthy and Comfortable Urban Living
Editors Shinsuke Kato Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1538505, Japan [email protected]
Kyosuke Hiyama Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 1538505, Japan [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-2770-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2771-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2771-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943356 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover design: # Spectral-Design – Fotolia.com Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Most of the population on the earth lives in urban areas. Blocks of buildings in urban areas form windbreaks and reduce wind speeds compared with bare regions. Thus, most of the people in the world live in environments with artificially weakened wind. In their living environments, anthropogenic heat and contaminant is also generated with certain extent by human activities. During the summer, dense urban areas thereby suffer from the urban heat island phenomenon, an urban climate problem. Wind is a stochastic phenomenon that is mainly driven by atmospheric Rossby waves. The direction of wind varies with passing high or low atmospheric pressure fronts, and the wind stream is not steady, with up and down streams changing frequently. Few books consider the environmental concerns related to wind, especially concerning the weakened wind in urban areas. It is somewhat difficult for civil engineers and civil engineering students studying urban built environments to comprehend the characteristics of urban wind, especially its ventilating characteristics. This book provides the latest knowledge related to urban wind at the pedestrian height from the ground in details. To create new integrated knowledge for sustainable urban regeneration, the Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration (cSUR), The University of Tokyo, was established. The center coordinates international research alliances and collaboratively engages with common issues of sustainable urban regeneration. This book presents one of the achievements of the new integrated approach toward sustainable urban regeneration. Tokyo, Japan
Shinsuke Kato
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Contents
1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shinsuke Kato and Kyosuke Hiyama
Part I
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