Visual Analysis of Behaviour From Pixels to Semantics
Demand continues to grow worldwide, from both government and commerce, for technologies capable of automatically selecting and identifying object and human behaviour.This accessible text/reference presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of visual a
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Shaogang Gong Tao Xiang
Visual Analysis of Behaviour From Pixels to Semantics
Shaogang Gong School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Rd. London, E1 4NS UK [email protected]
Tao Xiang School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Rd. London, E1 4NS UK [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-85729-669-6 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-670-2 DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-670-2 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929785 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2011 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Cover design: VTeX UAB, Lithuania Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Aleka, Philip and Alexander Shaogang Gong To Ning and Rachel Tao Xiang
Preface
The human visual system is able to visually recognise and interpret object behaviours under different conditions. Yet, the goal of building computer vision based recognition systems with comparable capabilities has proven to be very difficult to achieve. Computational modelling and analysis of object behaviours through visual observation is inherently ill-posed. Many would argue that our cognitive understanding remains unclear about why we associate certain semantic meanings with specific object behaviours and activities. This is because meaningful interpretation of a behaviour is subject to the observer’s a priori knowledge, which is at times rather ambiguous. The same behaviour may have different semantic meanings depending upon the context within which it is observed. This ambiguity is exacerbated when many objects are present in a scene. Can a computer based model be constructed that is able to extract all necessary information for describing a behaviour from visual observation alone? Do people behave differently in the presence of others, and if so, how can a model be built to differentiate the expected normal behaviours from
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