Organic Electrochemical Smart Pixels
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Organic Electrochemical Smart Pixels Peter Andersson, David Nilsson, Per-Olof Svensson, Miaoxiang Chen, Anna Malmström1, Tommi Remonen1, Thomas Kugler1, and Magnus Berggren Dept. of Science and Technology, Linköping University Bredgatan 33, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden 1 ACREO Institute Bredgatan 34, SE-602 21 Norrköping, Sweden ABSTRACT An all-printed organic smart pixel is achieved through the combination of an electrochemical transistor and an electrochromic display cell. Smart pixels of this kind are arranged into a cross-point matrix resulting in an active-addressed display. This type of display has been realized on coated fine paper, operates at voltages less than 2 Volts and exhibits good bistability properties. Here we report on the operation characteristics of electrochemical smart pixels in which the ion concentration of the electrolyte has been varied. INTRODUCTION In order to make electronic and opto-electronic devices using printing techniques on flexible substrates, such as plastic or paper, major efforts have been spent on developing conjugated polymers and aromatic molecules. There is an electronic paper race today to achieve an updateable flexible display that eventually could replace paper as a display material. Organic electronic systems must therefore be made using low-cost manufacturing techniques, such as printing. The resulting technology could allow for making active matrix displays on flexible carriers, which might lead to the extension of the concept of electronics in our society. One aim of this research is very large area updateable displays that can serve as electronic billboards or updateable advertisement displays. The demand for fast updating is probably very relaxed for these applications compared to other display technologies, such as TV monitors, liquid crystal displays etc. On the other hand, low-power consumption and bistability of displayed information are desired properties. At the moment, research and development are carried out in many laboratories regarding different display concepts that can offer an electronic equivalent to the traditional paper display. Various electronic ink concepts, electrochromic material systems and electric field driven technologies are developed today. Microencapsulated electrophoretic fluids [1], Gyricon beads [2], and liquid crystals [3] are only a few examples. Fast updating, unique addressing of display elements, i.e. minimized cross-talk, and many gray-scale levels demand for active matrix addressed displays. Active matrix addressing is obtained by including a combination of a display cell and an addressing transistor in each of the intersections of a crosspoint matrix. Various concepts of organic smart pixels have been reported in the past: organic field-effect transistors combined with organic light-emitting diodes [4,5] as well as electrochemical smart pixels including organic electrochemical transistors [6] and electrochromic display elements [7]. Here, we report on the transient and bistability characteristics of electrochemical s
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