Visual Languages
This book is intended as both an introduction to the state-of-the-art in visual languages, as well as an exposition of the frontiers of research in advanced visual languages. It is for computer scientists, computer engi neers, information scientists, app
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MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS EDITORIAL BOARD: A. Bensoussan, Le Chesnay, France S. K. Chang, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania H. W. Gottinger, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany M. D. Intriligator, Los Angeles, California R. E. Kalman, Zurich, Switzerland R. Kling, Irvine, California A. Klinger, Los Angeles, California R. W. Liu, South Bend, Indiana T. Marschak, Berkeley, California B. H. McCormick, College Station, Texas R. Michalski, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
Y. Oishi, Tokyo, Japan N. Miiller, Osnabriick, Federal Republic of Germany G. Pask, Richmond, England D. W. Peterson, Durham, North Carolina M. Thoma, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany P. P. Wang, Durham, North Carolina A. B. Whinston, West Lafayette, Indiana L. A. Zadeh, Berkeley: California
LANGUAGES FOR AUTOMATION Edited by Shi-Kuo Chang MANAGEMENT AND OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Edited by Shi-Kuo Chang VISUAL LANGUAGES Edited by Shi-Kuo Chang, Tadao Ichikawa, and Panos A. Ligomenides
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
VISUAL LANGUAGES EDITED BY
SHI-KUO CHANG University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
TADAO ICHIKAWA Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
AND
PANOS A. LIGOMENIDES University of Maryland College Park, Maryland
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Visual languages. (Management and information systems) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Image processing-Digital techniques. 2. Programming languages (Electronic . II. Series. computers) I. Chang, S. K. (Shi Kuo), 1944TA1632.V56 1986 006.6'6 86-25357 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9010-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1805-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1805-7
First Printing-December 1986 Second Printing-July 1989
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transm~tted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONTRIBUTORS
K. ASS MANN • Institut fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung in der Medizin, Universitiitskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany S. K. CHANG. Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania KAI CHU • Department of Computer Information Systems, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California OLIVIER CLARISSE. AT&T Bell Laboratories, Software Automation Group, Naperoille, Illinois MASAHITO HIRAKAWA. Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, japan K. H. HOHNE • Institut for Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung in der Medizin, Universitiitskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany TADAO ICHIKA
