Vitamin D and Arterial Hypertension: Facts and Myths
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HYPERTENSION AND OBESITY (E REISIN, SECTION EDITOR)
Vitamin D and Arterial Hypertension: Facts and Myths Marcin Adamczak 1 & Stanisław Surma 1 & Andrzej Więcek 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Vitamin D and its derivatives are biologically active fat-soluble steroid hormones, which are transcription factors for numerous genes. The results of several observational studies suggest the relationship between plasma concentration of vitamin D and the risk of arterial hypertension, as well as between the intensity of insolation and the risk of arterial hypertension. Recent Findings Based on the results of the abovementioned studies, it was hypothesized that vitamin D is characterized by the antihypertensive properties. Animal experiments have shown that vitamin D reduces activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and improves vasorelaxation of blood vessels. Results of clinical studies did not confirm these results. Moreover in interventional clinical trials, it was documented that supplementation of vitamin D did not reduce blood pressure. The influence of exposure to sunshine at different wave lengths on blood pressure was examined in clinical studies and it was found that ultraviolet A radiation (UVA) lead to the release of nitric oxide from the skin. This might explain lower level of blood pressure in subjects from the regions with a higher rate of insolation. Summary The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge concerning the relationship between vitamin D and arterial hypertension based on both observational and interventional studies. Keywords Vitamin D . Hypertension . Obesity . Solar radiation
Introduction The beginning interest in vitamin D goes back to 1822, when Polish scientist Jędrzej Śniadecki described the significant positive relationship between prevalence of rickets and insufficient exposure to solar radiation. It was based on the observation concerning the frequency of rickets in children living in the countryside and in cities [1]. In 1919, British physiologist Edward Mallenby discovered vitamin D and demonstrated the role of its deficiency in the pathogenesis of rickets. In the early 1920s, German chemist Adolf Windaus described the structure of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 and developed a technology for their production by irradiating lanolin with ultraviolet (UV) rays. In 1928, he received the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for his work on steroid hormones. In 1937, the This article is part of the Topical Collection on Hypertension and Obesity * Marcin Adamczak [email protected] 1
Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Francuska 20-24, 40-027 Katowice, Poland
Merck company introduced vitamin D to the pharmaceutical market with the indication of the prevention and treatment of rickets. Vitamin D and its derivatives are biologically active fatsoluble steroid hormones, which are transcription factors for numerous genes. About 80% of vitamin D is prod
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