VOX model: application of voxel-based packing algorithm on cementitious composites with 3D irregular-shape particles
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
VOX model: application of voxel-based packing algorithm on cementitious composites with 3D irregular-shape particles Zushi Tian . Ye Tian
. Hailong Ye . Xianyu Jin . Nanguo Jin
Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 Ó RILEM 2020
Abstract The internal structure of composite materials is usually composed of a continuous matrix with dispersed particles. To simulate the spatial distribution of particles, the random sequential addition algorithm (RSA) is commonly used. The RSA using continuous geometric function is difficult to achieve a high packing density in allowable computer time and time-consuming in the case of irregularly shaped aggregates, such as in mortar and concrete systems. In this work, a geometrical model, named as VOX, is introduced to deal with 3D irregularly shaped particles. The model applies the voxel-based overlap determination in the RSA to improve the efficiency and packing density. Also, the model is applicable to the complex boundary conditions of any geometry and provides high-quality triangle meshes valuable for finite element analysis. The mortar and concrete cubes with real-shape particles are simulated, in which the packing density is increased to 65% and 51%, respectively. The VOX model successfully packs over 150,000 real-shape aggregates into the steel cage in a full-size reinforced concrete beam model on a desktop machine. Particle shape significantly affects the Z. Tian Y. Tian (&) X. Jin N. Jin College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China e-mail: [email protected] Z. Tian H. Ye Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
packing density in the RSA and the sphericity is recommended as an indicator. The particles with higher sphericity can achieve denser packing under the same effort of attempts. Real-shape gravel used in this study behaves similarly with regular octahedron because of the similar sphericity. Keywords Packing algorithm Irregular particle Voxel Aggregate
1 Introduction The composite material system can be represented by the model of dispersed particles embedded in a continuous matrix. Accurate acquisition and description of the internal structure of composites is important for understanding the materials performance, including mechanical and transport properties [1–5]. However, the experimental characterization techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), is expensive and time-consuming, and requires considerable post-processing efforts [5–9]. As an alternative, particle packing algorithms are numerical methods to reproduce the composite material model via simulating the random distribution of particles. Particle packing algorithms can be classified into several types. Random sequential addition algorithm (RSA) [10, 11] adds particles at a random position
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sequentially and overlap is not allowed. Growth algorithm [12] expands the volume of placed particles to increase
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