Walled Towns and the Shaping of France From the Medieval to the Earl
This book focuses on the development of towns in France, taking into account military technology, physical geography, shifting regional networks tying urban communities together, and the emergence of new forms of public authority and civic life.
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Michael Wolfe
WALLED TOWNS AND THE SHAPING OF FRANCE
Copyright © Michael Wolfe, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-60812-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37484-7 DOI 10.1057/9780230101128
ISBN 978-0-230-10112-8 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolfe, Michael. Walled towns and the shaping of France : from the medieval to the early modern era / Michael Wolfe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. City and town life—France—History. 2. City walls—Social aspects—France—History. 3. Cities and towns—France—History. 4. Fortification—France—History. 5. Authority—Social aspects— France—History. 6. France—Social life and customs. 7. France— History—Medieval period, 987–1515. 8. France—History—16th century. 9. France—History—Bourbons, 1589–1789. I. Title. DC33.2.W65 2009 944⬘.02—dc22
2009002650
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C on t e n t s
List of Maps and Illustrations
iv
Preface
v Part I
1 2 3
The Walls Go Up (900–1325)
Urban Legacies and Medieval Trends up to 1100 Lords and Towns (1100–1225) Capetian Expansion and New Urbanism, 1225–1325 Part II
3 19 39
The Walls Move Outward (1325–1600)
4 Bonnes Villes and the Hundred Years’ War 5 Royal Rulers and Bastioned Towns 6 Walled Towns during the Wars of Religion
57 75 97
Part III The Walls Come Down (1600–1750) 7 State Building and Urban Fortifications 8 Opening Towns, Closing Frontiers
123 147
Conclusion Palimpsests and Modern Trajectories
171
Notes
175
Select Bibliography
223
Index
251
M a ps a n d I l lust r at ions
Cover
Henri IV before Amiens, 1597. By permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale (B.N. G151474).
Maps 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 6.1 8.1
Walled towns in Roman Gaul. France, 1150–1250. Bonnes Villes and Bastides, 1300. Hundred Years’ War. Wars of Religion, 1561–1629. France, 1650–1710.
4 26 43 59 101 152
Figures 1.1 Vestiges of the Gallo-Roman theater in Poitiers. By permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale (B.N. M74188). 5.1 Villefranche. By permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale (B.N. M73577). 6.1 Fortifications of La Rochelle, 1573. By permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale (B.N. 87C 131083). 7.1 Views of Calais, Guigne, and Ardres by Joachim Du Wiert, 1611. By permission of
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