Waste to Biohydrogen: Addressing Sustainability with Biorefinery
Enormous quantity of waste/wastewater is being generated each day from domestic and industrial activities, which comprises a good biodegradable fraction with the inherent potential to generate Biobased products including bioenergy. Mitigating waste genera
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Abstract Enormous quantity of waste/wastewater is being generated each day from domestic and industrial activities, which comprises a good biodegradable fraction with the inherent potential to generate Biobased products including bioenergy. Mitigating waste generation to permissible limits is an essential prerequisite to considerably negate its impact on the environment. This communication makes an attempt to delineate the development of a sustainable remediation strategy with dark-fermentative (acidogenesis) process as focal process coupled with value addition via biohydrogen and carboxylic acid production. To facilitate the commercial viability, the process is networked with biorefinery approach to establish waste remediation with resource recovery in the framework of bio-based economy.
Keywords Biohydrogen Volatile fatty acids Dark-fermentation Acidogenesis Process scale up Waste biorefinery Bio-hythane Bio-plastics Biodiesel
1 Introduction Hydrogen gas (H2) is growing ground as an attractive futuristic energy carrier due to its higher efficiency of conversion, low to non-existent generation of pollutants and high energy density (122 kJ/g; 2.75 folds higher than hydrocarbon fuels). Production of molecular H2 in industrial scale is mainly from fossil through hydrocarbon reforming. Other processes such as preferential/partial oxidation, stream/auto-thermal reforming, water-gas-shift, desulfurization, plasma/ammonia reforming, thermal decomposition, gasification, etc. were also used. The production of H2 from fossil fuels is accompanied with the production of greenhouse gases viz., CO2, CH4, etc. At present, H2 production from waste through biological routes
S. Venkata Mohan (&) O. Sarkar Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 K.V. Raghavan and P. Ghosh (eds.), Energy Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3102-1_4
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utilizing waste as feedstock is emerging as an interesting area of research as it imparts sustainable environment [1–4]. This communication depicts a comprehensive report on the status of current biohydrogen research.
2 Genesis of Biological H2 Production In 1939, Hans Gaffron noticed that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a typical green-algae normally grown in pond scum would occasionally change from producing oxygen to hydrogen, what now called as ‘Biohydrogen’ [5]. Biohydrogen is a natural and transitory by-product of various microbial driven biochemical reactions viz., anaerobic/fermentation/acidogenic, photosynthetic, enzymatic and bio-electrogenic (Fig. 1). Thermo-chemically produced H2 can also be termed as biohydrogen due to the usage of biomass as feed-stock. Especially, the passing decade illustrated remarkable research on biohydrogen in both basic and applied fields. Biological H2 production processes can also be categorized into light-dependent (photosynthesis) and light-independe
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