Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities The Ocean Disposal Option
Increasing globalization of the world economy is being accompanied by increasing threats to the marine environment and corresponding increase in responsibilities for the engineers, scientists, and planners who are charged with protecting that environment
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Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest HongKong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo
Charles G. Gunnerson Jonathan A. French (Eds.)
Wastewater Management for Coastal Cities The Ocean Disposal Option With contributions by Qian Ming Lu, J0rgen Frerch Knudsen, S0ren K. Eskesen, J. T. Powers, Frederick Shremp, Douglas A. Segar, Elaine Stamman and Zhou Yucheng Second revised Edition
Originally Published in 1988 as Technical Paper 77 by The World Bank, Washington, DC
Springer
Series Editors Prof. Dr. U. Forstner
Arbeitsbereich Umweltschutztechnik Technische UniversitiitHamburg-Harburg EiBendorfer StraBe 40 D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
Prof. RobertJ. Murphy
Dept. ofCivil Engineering and Mechanics CollegeofEngineering University ofSouth Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ENG 118 Tampa, FL 33620-5350, USA
Prof. Dr. ir. W. H. Rulkens
WageningenAgricultural University Dept. ofEnvironmental Technology Bomenweg 2, P.O. Box 8129 NL-6700 EVWageningen, The Netherlands
Editors Charles G. Gunnerson
Environmental Engineering and Policy, Laguna Hills, California, USA
JonathanA. French
Camp, Dresser and McKee, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cip-Einheitsaufnahme Wastewater management for coastal cities: the ocean disposal option; originally published in 1988 as Technical paper 77 by The World Bank, Washington, DC I Charles G. Gunnerson; Jonathan A. French (ed.). - 2., rev. ed. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996 (Environmental engineering) ISBN-13:97S-3-6,p-'79731-6 DOl: 10.10071 WS-3-64>-797J.9-3
e-ISBN-13:97S-3-6,p-'79'TJ.
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Figure 2.1. Mid-Pacific Ocean temperature and salinity near the Hawaiian Islands. The left-hand diagram shows a thermocline between about 100 and 400 meters and a halocline between about 60 and 300 meters. The right-hand diagram shows upper and lower water masses separated by a pycnocline between 60 and 300 meters. Density (p) is shown as at where p = (at - 1) x 1000. Mixing takes place between waters of equal density. at is a non-linear function of temperature «) and salinity (s) and lines of equal at are concave downward, indicating that a mixture of waters of the same density are slightly heavier than either of the source waters. The difference is sufficient to establish density-driven differential currents between large water masses. Source: Smith and Brown (62). horizontally among layers of equal density, the resulting mixture always slightly heavier than either of the sources. The increase in density as at is small, about 0.02 to 0.04 but because of the size of oceanic masses it is enough to be cause a slight fall in the surface elevation, and there will be a geostrophic flow that responds to the effects of the earth's rotation on currents. In the surface layer, temp
