Water Pollution

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry provides the compilation of today's knowledge of processes in the natural environment and the behavior and impact of pollutants. It provides a valuable source for environmental managers, decision-makers, and scienti

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Edited by 0. Hutzinger

Water Pollution With contributions· by B. Allard, G. E Craun, N. T. de Oude, M. Falkenmark, H. L. Golterman, T. Lindstrom, W T. Piver

With 25 Figures and 29 Tables

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Professor Dr. Otto Hutzinger University of Bayreuth Chair of Ecological Chemistry and Geochemistry P.O. Box 101251, D-8580 Bayreuth Federal Republic of Germany

ISBN 978-3-662-16108-1

ISBN 978-3-540-46685-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-46685-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Water pollution with contributions by B. Allard ... et al .. (The Handbook of environmental chemistry: v.-5, pt. A-) Includes bibliographical references.

1. Water-Pollution. I. Allard, B. II. Series: Handbook of environmental chemistry: v. 5, pt. A, etc. QD31, H335 vol. 5. pt. A, etc. [TD420] 540 s--dc20 [628.1'68] 90-9690 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks, Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Macmillan India Ltd., Bangalore-25 Offsetprinting: Color-Druck Dorfi GmbH, Berlin; Bookbinding: B. Helm, Berlin 2152/3020-543210----Printed on acid-free paper

Preface

Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary subject, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the .environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environmental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about one hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities