Conceptual Approaches to Monitoring Diffuse Pollution of Water Bodies
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ORATION OF THE VOLGA
Conceptual Approaches to Monitoring Diffuse Pollution of Water Bodies V. O. Polyanin* Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received February 25, 2020; revised March 20, 2020; accepted March 20, 2020
Abstract—The general concepts of the arrangement of water body monitoring are considered, which assume more effective use of the available data and observation systems and the implementation of additional studies and managerial activities aimed to take into account the formation factors of natural water quality under the effect of diffuse pollution sources. Keywords: diffuse pollution, monitoring, water quality, economic activity DOI: 10.1134/S0097807820050152
INTRODUCTION All measures for environmental protection, regulation of the sources of adverse effect on water quality, and river basin management are to be based, one way or another, on monitoring data. Diffuse pollution of natural water forms under the effect of many sources (types of economic activities), each having its own specific features, manifestation character, and a set of pollutants; therefore, the development of a single system for observation of this type of pollution is of no significance for practice. At the same time, the state system for monitoring water quality and the environmental condition of water bodies fails to fully identify pollutant sources and evaluate the input of pollutants of diffuse nature. The state monitoring of continental surface water is a component of environmental monitoring. The formation and implementation of state monitoring, the distribution of functions and obligations of departments are determined by a number of regulatory acts, including documents of state (State Standards) and departmental (guiding documents, guides, instructions, etc.) levels, which determine the principles and order of organization and functioning of monitoring system [1, 6–8]. The system of state monitoring at water bodies functions with the following objectives [5]: timely identification and forecasting of the adverse effects of water and the development of adverse processes that affect water quality in water bodies and their state, the development and implementation of measures aimed to prevent the adverse effects of such processes;
information support of management in the sphere of use and protection of water bodies, in particular, for state supervision; evaluation of the efficiency of measures taken for protection of water bodies. The advantages of Roshydromet State Observation Network are the systematic character and considerable duration of the monitoring observations, which have produced long data series at observation site. The collected data can be used to identify long-term trends in variations in water pollution and water bodies and their parts that are of priority in terms of pollution level, and to analyze trends in water quality variations. This is the only system that over 50 years has provided users with data, generalized and systematized ei
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