Water quality investigation in Brunei Darussalam: investigation of the influence of climate change
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Water quality investigation in Brunei Darussalam: investigation of the influence of climate change Stefan Herwig Gӧdeke1 · Owais Ahmed Malik2 · Daphne Teck Ching Lai2 · Anja Bretzler3 · Mario Schirmer3,4 · Nur Hakimah Mansor5 Received: 17 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The majority of Brunei’s drinking water is sourced from river water. Increases in population, and industrialization are putting more and more pressure on water resources not only in Brunei but worldwide. The management of water resources under a changing climate is of key importance. The goal of this study was to investigate if current water quality changes in Brunei can be related to climatic change. The study investigated time series data from water quality parameters as well as rainfall data measured over a 3-year period. The time series data was analysed using auto-correlation and partial auto-correlation functions. The results showed changes in climate evident from a decrease in precipitation and increase in rainfall intensity. These changes can be correlated with changes in water quality in particular a rise in aluminium concentrations. The highest correlation was observed between turbidity and colour, with a Pearson correlation coefficient greater than 0.8. The results from cross correlation showed that pH values tend to be low before the occurrence of rainfall, due to a dropping of water levels and the likely exposure of acid sulphate soils. Low pH values were correlated with higher aluminium concentrations which have been rising consistently throughout the observation period. The rise in aluminium concentration is correlated with a rise in abstraction from the river during the time period which underlines the importance of water management in a changing climate. Keywords Brunei · Aluminium · Water quality · pH · Rainfall · Climate change
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09157-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Stefan Herwig Gӧdeke [email protected] 1
Faculty of Science, Physical and Geological Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
2
Faculty of Science, Computer Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
3
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
4
Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
5
Public Works Department, Department of Water Services, Ministry of Development, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam on the island of Borneo has a tropical climate. Rainfall shows a seasonal pattern with two maxima and two minima. The first maximum occurs during the period October to January with December being the wettest month and the second maximum from May to July with May generally being the wettest mo
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