Water-soluble ionic species in atmospheric aerosols over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Water-soluble ionic species in atmospheric aerosols over Dhauladhar region of North-Western Himalaya Deepika Kaushal 1 & Shweta Yadav 2 & Ankit Tandon 1 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Water-soluble ionic species (WSIS) have been used as potential markers for different source(s) and underlining process(es) emitting and transforming atmospheric aerosols. PM10 aerosol sampling was performed once in a week for a complete one year, at a mid-altitude urban and a low-altitude rural location simultaneously in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya. Aerosol samples were analysed for major WSIS (anions: F−, Cl−, NO3−, PO43− and SO42−; cations: Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) using the ion chromatography system. Results showed that WSIS constitutes around 15% of PM10 aerosol load in the region. SO42− contributes the maximum (~ 50%) followed by NO3− (~ 12.5%) and NH4+ (~ 12.5%) to the total concentration of WSIS analysed. During all the seasons, average concentrations of PM10 and associated WSIS were observed to be higher over the rural location in comparison to the urban location. The total concentration of WSIS was found to be maximum during the winter season. Principal component analysis performed on the WSIS concentration dataset revealed four major sources of PM10associated WSIS viz. re-suspension of soil or local sediments; conversion of pollutant gases (SOx, NOx and NH3) to particles, i.e., secondary inorganic aerosol formation; evaporative loss or re-suspension of inorganic (NPK) fertilizers’ residues and biomass/crop-residue burning emissions in the Dhauladhar region of the North-Western Himalaya. Keywords Ambient aerosols . Water-soluble ionic species . North-Western Himalayan region . Secondary inorganic aerosol . Biomass/crop-residue burning
Introduction Atmospheric aerosols constitute a significant component of the Earth’s atmospheric system. They consist of a mixture of different chemical constituents, and they possess different physical, chemical, and optical properties owing to diverse formation and transformation processes (Paraskevopoulou et al. 2015; Bhuyan et al. 2016). Water-soluble ionic species Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10117-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ankit Tandon [email protected] 1
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra 176215, India
2
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani), Samba, Jammu (J&K) 181143, India
(WSIS) constitute 25–75% of PM10 (particulate matter ≤ 10 μm) aerosol mass (Heintzenberg 1989). Moreover, being part of a lower atmosphere, they affect human health (Pope III et al. 2002; Hassan and Khoder 2017), radiative forcing and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity (Boucher et al. 2
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