Water supply and effective rainfall impacts on major crops across irrigated areas of Punjab, Pakistan
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Water supply and effective rainfall impacts on major crops across irrigated areas of Punjab, Pakistan Ibrar ul Hassan Akhtar 1,2 & H. Athar 1,3 Received: 27 September 2019 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract An integrated approach is developed to assess major crops water productivity (CWP) in relation to water supply across the irrigated areas of Punjab province in central Pakistan during 1982–2015. The role of precipitation (effective rainfall) in term of add on to water supply and impacts on wheat yield is also studied. The water supply from canals displayed a significant declining trend for Rabi season (wheat mainly) during 1996−2015. Crop water productivity for harvestable area (CWPA) has decreased; however, it has increased in case of production (CWPP) and yield (CWPY). The role of tube wells is analyzed to assess the improved CWP even under decreased canal water supply. Contribution of water supply through effective rainfall showed a significant add on of 7.6 mm to 291.8 mm to water supply and 0.48 kg ha−1 mm−1 to 8.19 kg ha−1 mm−1 towards CWPY during the studied 34-year period. The precipitation (effective rainfall) contribute water supply of 10.6 mm (6.64 mm), 23.4 mm (14.6 mm), and 25.5 mm (16.0 mm) for January, February, and March, respectively. Average canal water supply for irrigation is observed to be 254.9 mm against irrigation need of 418.6 mm with a deficit of 39.1%, across irrigated areas. The multiple regression models are developed with seasonal predictive capacity for wheat harvestable area and yields with an explained variability of ~ 81% and ~ 78%, respectively. A decrease in temporal satellite-based weekly composite NDVI profile during 1986, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2002, and 2010 corresponded to El Niño episodes, since negative phases of ENSO are known to cause droughts across Punjab province. The synthesized information calls for a more comprehensive management of declining canal water supply for sustainable major crops water productivity such as wheat which is a staple food crop. Keywords Crops productivity . Effective rainfall . Water supply trends . Irrigation need . Canals . Satellite vegetation indices . Pakistan
1 Introduction Developing countries are facing various key issues related to agro-ecosystems and water is one of them (Chaturvedi 2000). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03337-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * H. Athar [email protected] 1
Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
2
Space Applications and Research Complex, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
The water use in Asia mainly comprises of agriculture (81%), industrial (10%), and municipal (9%) usage (FAO 2016). While
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