Weak States in International Relations Theory The Cases of Armenia,

This book seeks to explain why weak states exist within the international system. Using the cases of Armenia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Lebanon, and Cambodia, the author argues that, if a state is weak and vulnerable, then it can practice an unexpected degree

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We a k Stat es i n I n t e r nat iona l R e l at ions Th eory The Cases of Armenia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Lebanon, and Cambodia

Hanna S amir K a s s ab

WEAK STATES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY

Copyright © Hanna Samir Kassab, 2015. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-54388-2 All rights reserved. First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-58046-0 ISBN 978-1-137-54389-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137543899

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Kassab, Hanna Samir, 1984– Weak states in international relations theory : the cases of Armenia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Lebanon, and Cambodia / Hanna Samir Kassab. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Developing countries—Foreign relations. 2. States, Small—Foreign relations. 3. Armenia (Republic)—Foreign relations. 4. Saint Kitts and Nevis—Foreign relations. 5. Lebanon—Foreign relations. 6. Cambodia—Foreign relations. I. Title. D887.K37 2015 327.101—dc23

2015006098

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To my loving family: Samire, Hanane, Lea, and Elias

C on t e n t s

List of Illustrations

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

1

Introduction

1

2

International Security and Weak States

27

3

Weak State Vulnerability as an Intervening Variable

43

4

Interests in Terms of Survival: The Function of Weak States

65

5

Strength in Weakness: Weak State Opportunistic Behavior

87

6

Weak States and Great Power Grand Strategy

103

7

Weak State Autonomy: Armenia and St. Kitts and Nevis

121

8

Autonomy yet Civil War: Cases of Lebanon and Cambodia

163

Conclusions

209

Notes

217

Works Cited

223

Index

237

I l lust r at ions

Figures 1.1 Relationship between vulnerability and threat

12

1.2 Summary of research hypothesis

16

3.1 Relationship between vulnerability and threat

63

Tables 1.1

Summary of hypothesis

3.1 Vulnerability versus development 4.1

States, their EVI ranking and military expenditure 2009

11 61 79

6.1 List of aid donor countries

111

6.2 Weak state aid recipients and their donors in 2011

114

Ac k now l e dgm e n t s

T

here are three groups of people I would like to thank for their assistance in this book. First, I would like to thank my Professors: Roger Kanet, Bruce Bagley, William Smith, Astrid Boening, and Joseph Parent. These individua