WEEE closed-loop supply chain network management considering the damage levels of returned products
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
WEEE closed-loop supply chain network management considering the damage levels of returned products Leyla Ozgur Polat 1 & Askiner Gungor 1 Received: 11 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Due to economic, social, and environmental concerns, managing waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become an important research area. The WEEE directive gives responsibility to producers for developing a system for recycling and disposal activities and handle all associated costs. This study proposes a mixed integer programming model for decision-makers to manage their activities on the WEEE closed-loop supply chain network. A decision-maker may be a single producer of any size or a managing body formed by a group of producers and/or third-party companies in the network. The model contributes to the research field by integrating product returns with different quality and damage levels. A set of scenarios was designed to evaluate the effects of the directive and the network design related issues (e.g., the minimum collection rates, the number of producers and stores in the network) on the objective function. The results indicate that the capacity balance among stores, producers, and recovery centers is vital to make the network profitable and sustainable. Keywords Waste electrical and electronic equipment . E-waste . Closed-loop supply chain network . Recycling . Mixed integer linear programming
Introduction The ecological balance has been negatively affected due to the level of consumption and pollution in the nature as a result of fashion and technology driven consumption based economy. Recovery and recycling related research and practices have been increased by the concern on environmental sustainability. This is also valid for recovery of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) since there is a high potential on economic and environmental benefits. According to Balde et al. (2017), 44.7 million metric tons of WEEE were generated annually around the world in 2016 and the growth rate of WEEE is the highest among other waste types in the EU. In order to deal with the increasing amount of WEEE, the collaboration among governments, companies, and other nonResponsible editor: Philippe Loubet * Askiner Gungor [email protected] Leyla Ozgur Polat [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20160 Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
profit organizations is needed to manage WEEE production and to set up necessary management practices. As a result of this, the directives on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic equipment (EU 2003, 2011) and the WEEE directive were adopted in 2003 and recast respectively in 2011 and 2012. (EU 2003, 2012). Please note that the term WEEE describes the end-oflife (EU 2012) products, components, and consumables as listed in the directive (EU 2003). The items of WEEE include many heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb, C
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