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Ultrasonic Testing of Materials 4th Fully Revised Edition in Collaboration with W. Grabendorfer . M. Gregor· L. Niklas R. Frielinghaus . w. Kaule . H. Schlemm u. Schlengermann . H. Steiger Translation of the 5th Revised German Edition With 564 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1990

Dr. rer. nat. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Josef Krautkrămer, Koln Dr. rer. nat. Herbert Krautkrămer, Merten near Koln Collaborators: Dr. phil. Wemer Grabendorfer Dr.-Ing. Rainer Frielinghaus Dipl.-Ing. Walter Kaule Dr. phil. Ludwig Niklas Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Opara Phys. Udo Schlengermann Dr. rer. nat. Helmut Seiger Dr. rer. nat. Gerhard Splitt Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Volkmann alI of Krautkrămer Company, Hiirth near Koln and Prof. Dr. Erik Primbsch, University of Hamburg Translation by J.D. Hislop M.A. (Cantab.), C. Phys., M. Inst. P., M. Inst. NDT, Derby, England, in consultation with Dr. J. Krautkriimer

ISBN 978-3-662-10682-2

Library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data Krautkriimer, Joser. [Werkstoffpriifung mit Ultraschall. English] Ultrasonic testing of materials/Josef Krautkriimer, Herber! Krautkriimer; in collaboration with W.Grabendorfer ... [et al.].-4th fully rev. ed. p. cm. Translation of: Werkstoffpriifung mit Ultraschall. 5th rev. ed. 1987. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-662-10680-8 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-662-10682-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-10680-8 l. Ultrasonic testing. 1. Krautkriimer, Herber!. II. Grabendorfer, W. (Wemer) III. Title. This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under lhe provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965 in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations falI under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Vedag Berlin Heidelberg 1969, 1977, 1983 and 1990 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1990 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 4thedition 2002 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Interdruck, Leipzig; Printing: Saladruck Steinkopf und SOhn, Berlin; 2161/3020-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper

To the Pioneers of Ultrasonic Testing of Materials S. Ja. Sokolov (UdSSR)

1897-1957

Floyd A. Firestone (USA)

*1898

Donald o. Sproule (England)

*1903

Preface to the Fourth Edition

This fourth English edition is based on the fifth German one, published in 1986. Compared with the third English edition it contains a basically new treatment of many sections, because in the meantime fundamental research, as well as practical applications, have made much progress. To avoid undue