What about COVID-19 and arachidonic acid pathway?
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SPECIAL ARTICLE
What about COVID-19 and arachidonic acid pathway? Malvina Hoxha 1 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background and objective COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral disease. In this study, we tried to define and discuss all the findings on the potential association between arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and COVID-19 pathophysiology. Methods A literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane database was conducted. A total of 25 studies were identified. Results The data elucidated that COX-2 and prostaglandins (PGs), particularly PGE2, have pro-inflammatory action in COVID19 pathophysiology. Arachidonic acid can act as endogenous antiviral compound. A deficiency in AA can make humans more susceptible to COVID-19. Targeting these pro-inflammatory mediators may help in decreasing the mortality and morbidity rate in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions PGE2 levels and other PGs levels should be measured in patients with COVID-19. Lowering the PGE2 levels through inhibition of human microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) can enhance the host immune response against COVID-19. In addition, the hybrid compounds, such as COX-2 inhibitors/TP antagonists, can be an innovative treatment to control the overall balance between AA mediators in patients with COVID-19. Keywords Arachidonic acid . COVID-19 . Prostaglandins . Leukotrienes . Eicosanoids . Thromboxane
Introduction COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is a highly contagious viral disease. Recently (April 30, 2020) we carried out a literature search for all published material on COVID 19 and arachidonic acid (AA) pathway. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases using different relevant key words to identify all studies that address the association between COVID-19 and AA pathway. The following text words were used: “COVID19 and prostaglandin,” “COVID19 and thromboxane,” “COVID19 and leukotriene,” “COVID19 and lipoxin,” “COVID19 and 5-lipoxygenase,” “COVID19 and 12-lipoxygenase,” “COVID19 and 15-lipoxygenase,” “COVID19 and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase pathway,” “COVID19 and pro resolving lipid mediators,” and “COVID19 and NSAIDs.” Twenty-five studies were initially * Malvina Hoxha [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana, Albania
identified. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize the available information on the AA pathway involvement in COVID-19. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid produced by membrane phospholipids through phospholipase-A 2 (PLA2) in inflammatory condition. Das et al. suggested that AA can act as endogenous antiviral compound and can contribute to the inactivation of enveloped viruses, such as influenza virus, HIV, or SARS-CoV-2 [1]. The capacity to induce leakage or lysis of microbial cell membranes, to inh
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