What Is the Role of the Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure?
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HEART FAILURE (HJ EISEN, SECTION EDITOR)
What Is the Role of the Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure? Elena C. Castillo 1 & Eduardo Vázquez-Garza 1 Guillermo Torre-Amione 1,2,4
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David Yee-Trejo 1
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Gerardo García-Rivas 1,2,3
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# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review In heart failure, whether it is associated with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, the immune system is activated and contributes to heart remodeling and impaired function. Recent Findings Studies indicate that cells of the immune system not only play a role in the pathology but are also critical regulators of heart function. Knowledge about the role of the immune system driving heart failure will lead to the development of new targets to this system, particularly in those patients that, despite the apparent wellness, relapse and worsen. Summary In this review, we will address the diverse mechanisms that trigger inflammation and their impact on heart failure progression. Keywords Heart failure . Acute inflammation . Systemic inflammation . Inflammasome . Reduced ejection fraction and preserved ejection fraction
Introduction This article is part of the Topical Collection on Heart Failure * Gerardo García-Rivas [email protected] Elena C. Castillo [email protected] Eduardo Vázquez-Garza [email protected] David Yee-Trejo [email protected] Guillermo Torre-Amione [email protected] 1
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, 66278 San Pedro Garza García, NL, Mexico
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Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Medicina Funcional, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, 66278 San Pedro Garzar García, NL, Mexico
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De Bakey CRC, The Methodist Hospital, Cornell University, Houston, TX, USA
Inflammation is a well-orchestrated process in which immune cells and tissues work together against pathogens and in the resolution of locally injured tissues to heal and restore homeostasis [1]. When acute local inflammation becomes chronic, it evolves systemic and becomes detrimental to our health [2]. Systemic chronic inflammation is a condition in which lifestyle plays an important role and can lead to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3]. For instance, chronic stress and western diet are well-known factors that contribute to persistent sterile inflammation (induced by self-antigens) and the appearance of said diseases [3–5]. Inflammatory byproducts such as C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines, and antibodies are associated with severity and with an increased risk of mortality [6–8]. Moreover, systemic inflammation predicts all-cause mortality [9, 10]. Recently, Alpert, Shen-Orr, and colleagues generated an immunological age metric through cellular immune profiles and cytokine responses, which describe immune function better than their chronological age. In addition, it predicts all
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