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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Persistence Versus Biodegradability 3 Bioavailability Processes 4 The Microbial Component of Bioavailability: Solubilization and Cell Positioning 5 The Geochemical Component of Bioavailability: Organic Matter and Black Carbon 6 Bioavailability of Biodegradable Chemicals Present as Non-extractable Residues 7 Persistence and Chemical Management 8 Bioavailability in the OECD Test Series 9 Non-standardized Approaches for Assessing Biodegradation 10 Concluding Remarks References

Abstract Biodegradable chemicals may become persistent due to reductions in their bioavailability thereby impacting on the rate and extent of biodegradation in soils and sediments. This chapter examines this – commonly neglected – J. J. Ortega-Calvo (*) Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain e-mail: [email protected] F. Stibany and A. Schaeffer Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany K. T. Semple Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK J. R. Parsons Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands K. E. C. Smith Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Magdeburg, Germany Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_586, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

J. J. Ortega-Calvo et al.

contradictory face of persistence assessments from the light of the latest advancements in bioavailability science. They include the microbial influences on bioavailability, the different sorption capacities of carbonaceous components of soils and sediments, and the dissimilar bioavailability shown by chemicals when they are present as non-extractable residues. We also discuss possible pathways to improve the realism in persistence assessments from standardized biodegradation tests by incorporating new bioavailability-based approaches. Innovations of the standard tests are possible through the modified chemical application of enhanced dispersion and passive dosing. In addition, we offer a proposal for integrating bioavailability measurements into standard simulation tests with soils and sediments, by using desorption extraction and passive sampling methods to assess the removal of the bioavailable fractions, in addition to the total extractable concentration of the chemical. Keywords Bioavailability, Biodegradation, Microorganisms, Non-extractable residues, Persistence, Sorption, Standardized tests

1 Introduction In this chapter, we will consider biodegradable chemicals as a broad group of toxic organic substances of anthropogenic origin which can be broken down biologically, mainly by microorganisms. In the case of complete biodegradation, an organic chemical is transformed into innocuous, simple inorganic molecules, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water, i.e., the chemical is mineralized. Howev

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