Wind Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation
This book deals with Wind-Energy systems and their implementation into the grid, with focus on electrical engineering. Starting from a view on wind as a prominent source of renewable energy, it describes properties and performance of wind turbines, electr
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Manfred Stiebler
Wind Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation
With 146 Figures and 15 Tables
123
Author Prof. Dr. Manfred Stiebler Technical University of Berlin Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Inst. of Energy and Automation Technology Einsteinufer 11, D-10587 Berlin Germany [email protected] berlin.de
ISBN: 978-3-540-68762-7
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-68765-8
Springer Series in Green Energy and Technology ISSN 1865-3529 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929626 c 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMX Design, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface
Among renewable sources wind power systems have developed to prominent suppliers of electrical energy. Since the 1980s they have seen an exponential increase, both in unit power ratings and overall capacity. While most of the systems are found on dry land, preferably in coastal regions, off-shore wind parks are expected to add significantly to wind energy conversion in the future. The theory of modern wind turbines has not been established before the 20th century. Currently wind turbines with three blades and horizontal shaft prevail. The driven electric generators are of the asynchronous or synchronous type, with or without interposed gearbox. Modern systems are designed for variable speed operation which make power electronic devices play an important part in wind energy conversion. Manufacturing has reached the state of a high-tech industry. Countries prominent for the amount of installed wind turbine systems feeding into the grid are in Europe Denmark, Germany and Spain. Outside Europe it is the United States of America and India who stand out with large rates of increase. The market and the degree of contribution to the energy consumption in a country has been strongly influenced by National support schemes, such as guaranteed feed-in tariffs or tax credits. Due to the personal background of the author, the view is mainly directed on Europe, and many examples are taken from the German scene. However, the situation in other continents, especially North America and Asia is also considered. This book was written from the standpoint of
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