Winner and loser effects of juvenile cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
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Winner and loser effects of juvenile cricket Gryllus bimaculatus Toshiki Abe1 · Chihiro Tada2 · Toshiki Nagayama2 Received: 9 January 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 © Japan Ethological Society 2020
Abstract Agonistic encounters of juvenile male crickets were analyzed behaviourally. In a pairing between adult and juvenile male crickets, the juvenile crickets were usually beaten by the adult males of over 3 days after their final moult. Juveniles, by contrast, won significantly more bouts against young adult males 2 days after their final moult. These findings are good indicators to predict which cricket will defeat which opponent. To examine the effect of previous social experience, two juvenile animals were paired first and then juveniles that became subordinate were paired with day 2 adults, while juveniles that became dominant were paired with day 3 adults 5 min after first pairing. Subordinate juveniles were beaten by day 2 adults, while dominant juveniles tended to win against day 3 adults. This is the first time that winner and loser effects have been demonstrated in juvenile crickets. Similar pairings with day 2 or day 3 adult males were performed 2 h after first pairings. Subordinate juveniles were still beaten by day 2 adults, while the winning rate of dominant juveniles against day 3 adults was decreased significantly. These results suggest that the retention time of loser effect lasted more than 2 h while that of the winner effect disappeared within a shorter period. Keywords Agonistic encounter · Social experience · Aggression · Winner effect · Loser effect
Introduction Agonistic encounters and establishment of hierarchical orders are one of the essential behavioural acts for conspecific communication (Wilson 1975). Animals that acquire a dominant status increase their opportunity to access good food, mating partners and/or shelters, while animals that became subordinate reduce the risk of severe injury or death by avoiding dominant opponents (Herberholz et al. 2007).. Physical asymmetries have been shown to be adequate predictions of the outcome of agonistic bouts. Larger and/ or heavier animals as well as animals with larger weapon tend to win in both vertebrates and invertebrates (CluttonBrock et al. 1979; Francis 1983; Abbott et al. 1985; Tokarz 1985; Hack 1997; Schuett 1997; Mathis and Britzke 1999; Sneddon et al. 2000; Kasumovic et al. 2010). In addition * Toshiki Nagayama [email protected]‑u.ac.jp 1
Division of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990‑8560, Japan
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990‑8560, Japan
2
to physical asymmetries, previous social experience also affects the outcome of agonistic bouts. A previously winning experience increases the winning probability of the next agonistic encounter, whereas a previous losing experience has the opposite effect. These winner and loser effects have been widely observed in both vertebrates and arthropods (Beacham and Newman 1987;
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