Wood vinegar enhances humic acid-based remediation material to solidify Pb(II) for metal-contaminated soil
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Wood vinegar enhances humic acid-based remediation material to solidify Pb(II) for metal-contaminated soil Junfeng Zhu 1,2
&
Weichun Gao 2 & Wentian Zhao 2 & Lei Ge 1 & Ting Zhu 2 & Guanghua Zhang 2 & Yuhua Niu 2
Received: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Heavy metal lead is a typical widespread potentially toxic element (PET) contamination due to their extensive and wide applications in industrial processes. The development of cost-effective methods for preventing potentially toxic element lead residues from soil into food is thus highly desirable. A new type of humic acid-based remediation material (HA/WV) incorporating humic acid salt (HA), biochar powder (BC), and wood vinegar (WV), which is a cheap and environmentally friendly industrial by-product from charcoal processing, was prepared and evaluated. The results showed that 0.10 g remediation material HA/WV with a mass ratio of 1:1 was added to 1 kg surface soil of 0–20 cm from agricultural land contaminated by 300 mg Pb2+, the reduction ratio of available Pb in soil can reach 61.4%. Especially, wood vinegar can enhance the reduction ratio of available Pb by at least 14.7% over without wood vinegar. Furthermore, according to the analysis of adsorption interaction and the electrostatic attraction between Pb(II) and oxygen-containing functional groups on HA/WV are the dominant mechanisms responsible for Pb(II) sorption. The wood vinegar liquid can improve the oxygen-containing group in HA/WV, which can enhance the complexation of remediation materials and Pb(II) ion. Keywords Lead contaminated soil . Humic acid salt . Wood vinegar . Adsorption performance . Remediation mechanism
Introduction Various potentially toxic elements (PETs) are toxic elements discharged into the environment and often coexist accumulate in wastewater and soil due to many industry practices such as mining, metallurgy, and printing processes (Li et al. 2014). The PETs in the soil are concealed, irreversible, and difficult to be degraded by microorganisms; have a small migration rat;, and have a long retention time, which makes it easy to accumulate in the soil. Some of these ions can be very toxic even at very low concentration and their toxicity may increase
Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek * Junfeng Zhu [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, The Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi’an 710075, China
2
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Research Laboratory of Chemical Additives, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
with their accumulation in soil and water (Li et al. 2019a). Among these potentially toxic elements, lead is a typical widespread pollutant in the world due to their extensive and wide applications in industrial processes, such as the production of mining, chemical, oil refining, electroplating, battery manufacturing, and leather tanning. Excessive intake of lead by human may
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