Yemen Conflict
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Yemen Conflict Ibrahim Galal Fakirah Yemen and Gulf Program, Middle East Institute (MEI), Washington, DC, USA Keywords
Yemeni conflict · Mediation · Gulf security · Peace process · Armed rebellion
the UN-endorsed, Gulf-backed transitional process continue to reoccur, albeit differently, posing serious wonders to a forthcoming peace agreement. The UN mediation’s departure from status quo ante bellum to the normalization of status quo, evident in the Stockholm Agreement, only rewards violence of armed groups and sows seeds of conflict rounds to come, risking to keep the country in fragility trap at best, or a cycle of endless conflicts at worst.
Synonyms Introduction Armed rebellion; Conflict resolution; Fragile peace transitions; Foreign mediation; Gulf security; Military coalitions; War and peace in Yemen
Definition This chapter unpacks how the Yemen conflict evolved from a set of largely deep-seated, multifaceted, and unresolved issues during Saleh’s 33year tenure into a complex armed conflict and foreign military intervention, passing through a fragile transitional peace process that ended with a Houthi coup d’état on September 21, 2014. Interestingly, the internal issues that made Yemen receptive to the Arab Spring continue to aggravate, deepening grievances and local fragmentation, let alone that the combination of domestic and external factors that jeopardized
The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union marked a new phase in the history of Yemen. Nearly 6 months after the fall of Berlin wall in November 1989, the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the only Marxist–Leninist country in the Arabian Peninsula – the People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) – unified on May 22, 1990. This, as a result, reunified Yemen, formed the Republic of Yemen and stretched the rule of President Ali Abdullah Saleh (1978–2011) to over 527,968 km2 but not without major challenges that, directly and indirectly, culminated into an Arab Spring uprising, a subsequent fragile peace process, a continued Houthi rebellion and ensuing regional military intervention (Popp 2015). The Houthis’ resort to violence and insurgency against the authority of President Abed Rabbu Mansour Hadi jeopardized the transitional peace
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 O. Richmond, G. Visoka (eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_163-1
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process and National Dialogue Conference (NDC) reconciliation efforts but also laid grounds for the subsequent military intervention of the Saudi-led Arab Coalition. Though Iranian-Saudi rivalry is a layer of the multilayered conflict, the conflict is a byproduct of the country’s accumulated internal challenges and unresolved grievances piling up, mainly under President Saleh, who ruled Yemen for 33 years. These issues passed through conflict junctures, both latent and manifest, and evolved into a complex cycle of manifest, multi-scale armed conflicts. The web of active actors transcends binary charact
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