Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Aided Electrochemical Investigation on Ferric Ions in Mixed Molten Calcium and Sodium Chlorid
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TRODUCTION
THE current industrial approach to iron and steel smelting is a multi-step, long and complex, and energy and emission intensive process. Firstly, the molten iron is produced from carbothermic reduction of iron ore in HONGBO HU, YUNMING GAO, YIGUI LAO, QINGWEI QIN, and GUANGQIANG LI are with the The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China and also with the Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology. Contact e-mail: [email protected] GEORGE Z. CHEN is with the The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, with the Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, and also with the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Energy Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Science Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China. Manuscript submitted August 16, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
the blast furnace (ca. 1773 K), and then steel is derived from decarburization of the molten iron in the basic oxygen furnace (ca. 1873 K), followed by refining and alloying. Electrolytic reduction of iron compounds (mainly halides or oxides) in molten salt electrolyte using an inert oxygen-evolving anode is an alternative and short process for ironmaking without CO2 emissions.[1–9] Aiming to drastically reduce CO2 emissions, Europe has set up an ultra-low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS) program which includes electrolytic reduction in molten salts.[10,11] Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE, ca. 1873 K) was proposed for production of liquid iron in the United States.[12–16] Also, direct electrolytic reduction of solid iron oxide bulk in molten salts, i.e., the Fray–Farthing–Chen (FFC) Cambridge process (ca. 1173 K), has also been extensively investigated in laboratory.[17–21] It is worth noting that molten salt electrolysis proceeds at much lower temperatures and hence should incur less heat loss than the other processes.
Since iron can be extracted from molten salts at medium temperatures, and Fe2O3 is a resourceful and low-cost raw material, electrolytic production of iron from Fe2O3 dissolved in molten salts has drawn increasing attention in recent years. Electrochemical behavior of Fe3+ ions in molten salts has been studied by some researchers and some findings have been obtained from these early studies.[6–9] However, it is difficult to draw an unambiguous conclusion from these early studies because different experimental conditions were applied, including molten salt composition, solute concentration, and temperature. In addition, the use of different working electrodes (WEs) and reference electrodes (REs) in the early studies also made it inconvenient to make systematic and comprehensive comparisons. Particularly, the reliability of potential values is still in doubt whe
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