Zeeman Effect at Explosive Nuclide Formation
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ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS Theory
Zeeman Effect at Explosive Nuclide Formation∗ V. N. Kondratyev1), 2)** Received April 17, 2018
Abstract—Nuclear structure and composition in ultra-strong magnetic fields relevant for heavy-ion collisions, supernovae, and magnetar crusts are analyzed. For field intensities exceeding 0.1 teratesla (TT) nuclear magnetic response is represented as combined reactivity of valent outer-shell nucleons, exhibits linear regime up to a strength of ∼10 TT and exceeds significantly nuclear g factor. The Zeeman effect leads to an increase of binding energies for open shell nuclei and a decrease for closed-shell nuclei. Noticeable enhancement and suppression in a yield of corresponding explosive nucleosynthesis products with antimagic and magic numbers corroborate with observational results. DOI: 10.1134/S1063778818060224
1. INTRODUCTION Ultrastrong magnetization with a field strength exceeding teratesla (TT) arises in heavy ion collisions [1], magnetar crusts [2], and at core-collapse supernovae (SNe) [3]. Time duration for such magnetic amplification matches fairly wide range from typical nuclear time in a case of collisions to subseconds for SNe and hundred years for magnetars. Nuclides produced in such processes contain an information on matter structure and explosion mechanisms. Ultramagnetized astrophysical objects and/or magnetar concept were introduced to interpret activities of soft-gamma repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs). Large values, up to tens of teratesla (TT), for the strength of dipole-surfacefield components are revealed from the observed periods and period derivatives of these pulsars when assuming a magnetic-braking spin-down mechanism. Many properties of SGRs and AXPs indicate [2, 4] significant multipole and toroidal magnetic fields being substantially stronger than the corresponding dipole components. Such extremely strong magnetization of intensities up to tens of TT can develop due to the violent convection bringing magnetorotational instabilities (MRI) and/or dynamo-action process and contribute to shock-wave formation in conjunction with numerical simulations of the SN explosion, e.g., [5–10]. Consequently, nuclides in
ejected matter behind bifurcation point are plausibly formed at conditions of strong magnetic fields of tens of TT. In this work we analyze the effect of relatively weak magnetic field in nuclear structure and composition as well as discuss possibilities for using radionuclides to probe internal regions of respective sites. The Zeeman effect is associated with a shift of energy levels Δ = mN H due to an interaction of nucleon magnetic moment mN with a field H. Dramatic change in nuclear structure corresponds to conditions of level crossing. The nuclear level spacing Δ ∼ 1 MeV gives the respective field strength scale ΔHcross ∼ Δ/μN ∼ 10 TT. Here μN denotes the nuclear magneton. In a case of smaller strengths H < 10 TT one can use a linear approximation, cf., [11]. In the next section we demonstrate that magnetic susceptibility at a field strength
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