Zoonotic assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates from the largest zoo in Slovakia
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Zoonotic assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates from the largest zoo in Slovakia K. Mravcova´1 • G. Sˇtrkolcova´1
•
R. Mucha2 • M. Goldova´1
Received: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract Only a few studies based on multilocus characterization have been conducted on the molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis in captive nonhuman primates (NHPs). The present article provides the first report on the occurrence of G. duodenalis in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) kept in the zoo in Kosˇice, Slovakia. All samples were examined by flotation technique, with total prevalence of 17.4% (4/23). The microscopically positive samples were assayed by nested PCR and consecutively sequenced at b-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Positive isolates were recognized as assemblage B and sub-assemblage BIV and subtype WB8 were confirmed. The identification and genotyping of this parasite in Slovakia, may help to better understand the epidemiological situation in Europe about the circulation of G. duodenalis zoonotic assemblages in NHPs. Keywords Zoonosis Giardia duodenalis NHP Zoo Slovakia Nested PCR
& G. Sˇtrkolcova´ [email protected] 1
Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosˇice, Komenske´ho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
2
Insitute of Neurobiology of Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
Introduction Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and a wide range of domestic animals, including zoo mammals (Appelbee et al. 2005; van der Giessen et al. 2006). It is also commonly found in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and has both veterinary and public health significance (Levecke et al. 2009). Giardia duodenalis is considered as a species complex with at least 8 distinct assemblages designated as A–H (Feng and Xiao 2011). Assemblages A and B possess anthropozoonotic profiles because they have been described as infecting humans and other hosts (Savioli et al. 2006). The other assemblages were identified in specific hosts: assemlages C and D were found in dogs; assemblage E in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs; F in cats; G in rats and mice; and, more recently, H in seals (Ryan and Caccio` 2013). Based on isoenzyme and phylogenetic analyses, G. duodenalis is classified into five sub-assemblages (AI-III, BIII-IV) (Feng and Xiao 2011). Cysts are transmitted by the faecal-oral route via direct contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water (Xiao and Feng 2017). Giardia cysts can spread rapidly due to the parasite monoxenous life cycle, low infective dose and short prepatent period. Like in humans and other animals, giardiasis in NHPs results in watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps and malabsorption, especially in young animals (Hamlen and Lawrence 1994). However, asymptomatic infec
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