Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs from the metropolitan area of Lisbon, Portugal: prevalence, genotyping and associat
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs from the metropolitan area of Lisbon, Portugal: prevalence, genotyping and associated risk factors Andre´ Pereira1,2 • Joana Teixeira3 • Sofia Sousa2,4 • Ricardo Parreira1,5 Lenea Campino2 • Jose´ Meireles3 • Carla Maia1,2
•
Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan enteric protozoan that affects a wide range of vertebrates, including humans and dogs. Genetic characterisation reveals eight different assemblages, with A and B having been found mainly in humans and several other animals, and thus considered potentially zoonotic, while C and D are adapted to infect dogs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of G. duodenalis, their distribution into assemblages, and risk factors associated with their
Andre´ Pereira, Joana Teixeira and Sofia Sousa have contributed equally to this work.
infection of dogs from the metropolitan area of Lisbon. Giardia duodenalis cysts were microscopically identified in 33.8% (27/80) of the faecal samples analysed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that dogs under 6 months of age and from both breeders and shelters, had a significantly higher risk of being infected with G. duodenalis. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the partial coding sequences for b-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and triosephosphate isomerase, the parasites found in three dog isolates were typed as G. duodenalis assemblage C, 11 were typed as D, and four were typed as C or D, depending on the targeted genes. The risk to public health seems to be reduced, as no genotypes with zoonotic potential have been detected. Nevertheless, better health management towards a minimisation of the environmental faecal pollution, as well as an increase in the awareness of health professionals, dog owners, dog breeders and caregivers regarding the risks posed by this protozoan to the health of animals and humans, are recommended.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01307-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Carla Maia [email protected] 1
Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (NOVA), Lisboa, Portugal
2
Medical Parasitology Unit, IHMT-NOVA, Lisboa, Portugal
3
Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria, CIISA-Centro de Investigac¸a˜o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
4
Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria, Universidade Luso´fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
5
Medical Microbiology Unit, IHMT-NOVA, Lisboa, Portugal
123
J Parasit Dis
Graphic abstract
Keywords Dogs Epidemiology Giardia duodenalis Genotype Portugal
Introduction Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is a ubiquitous enteric parasite that affects a wide range of vertebrates, including humans and dogs. The life cycle of th
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