1,4-Naphthoquinone accumulates reactive oxygen species in Staphylococcus aureus: a promising approach towards effective
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ORIGINAL PAPER
1,4‑Naphthoquinone accumulates reactive oxygen species in Staphylococcus aureus: a promising approach towards effective management of biofilm threat Payel Paul1 · Poulomi Chakraborty1 · Ahana Chatterjee1 · Ranojit K. Sarker1 · Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar2 · Taraknath Kundu3 · Niloy Sarkar4 · Amlan Das3 · Prosun Tribedi1 Received: 4 July 2020 / Revised: 28 October 2020 / Accepted: 8 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive opportunistic microorganism, promotes pathogenicity in the human host through biofilm formation. Microorganisms associated with biofilm often exhibit drug-resistance property that poses a major threat to public healthcare. Thus, the exploration of new therapeutic approaches is the need of the hour to manage biofilm-borne infections. In the present study, efforts are put together to test the antimicrobial as well as antibiofilm activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone against Staphylococcus aureus. The result showed that the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this compound was found to be 100 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. In this regard, an array of experiments (crystal violet, biofilm protein measurement, and microscopic analysis) related to biofilm assay were conducted with the sub-MBC concentrations (1/20 and 1/10 MBC) of 1,4-naphthoquinone. All the results of biofilm assay demonstrated that these tested concentrations (1/20 and 1/10 MBC) of the compound (1,4-naphthoquinone) showed a significant reduction in biofilm development by Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, the tested concentrations (1/20 and 1/10 MBC) of the compound (1,4-naphthoquinone) were able to reduce the microbial motility of Staphylococcus aureus that might affect the development of biofilm. Further studies revealed that the treatment of 1,4-naphthoquinone to the organism was found to increase the cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resulted in the inhibition of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Hence, it can be concluded that 1,4-naphthoquinone might be considered as a promising compound towards biofilm inhibition caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Keywords Staphylococcus aureus · Biofilm · 1,4-naphthoquinone · Motility · Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Introduction In nature, bacteria show two types of microbial growth, one is the planktonic or free-living form, while the other one is the most abundant form, known as biofilm or sessile aggregate
Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02117-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Amlan Das [email protected] * Prosun Tribedi [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
(Tribedi et al. 2015). A biofilm is a congregation of sessile microorganisms that are embedded in self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), often adhere to various biotic
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