3D modeling and 3D printing in functional urology: the future perspective
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EDITORIAL
3D modeling and 3D printing in functional urology: the future perspective Emre Huri 1 & Sherif Mourad 2 & Alka Bhide 3 & Giuseppe Alessandro Digesu 3 Received: 13 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 March 2020 # The International Urogynecological Association 2020
We know that anatomical abnormalities in the pelvic region may cause various lower urinary tract symptoms and pelvic floor disorders such as stress incontinence, urge incontinence, urgency, and pelvic organ prolapse. These structures create both static and dynamic anatomy that involves pelvic organs, muscles, fascial layers, nerves, vessels, ligaments, and connective tissue. Damage to these structures results in pelvic floor disorders [1–3]. It is known that all structures in the pelvis are covered by a fascial layer arising from the pelvic wall. This fascial layer envelops nerves and vessels as well. The correction or substitution of these structures should be the main target in functional and reconstructive pelvic floor surgery. In clinical practice, we use patient-specific CT or MRI reconstructed 3dimensional (3D) modeling and 3D printing technology for a better understanding of 3D surgical anatomy, increasing visibility for hard-to-see structures. This allows completion of virtual surgical procedures, surgical planning, patient and student education, and the creation of hands-on training material for residents [4–7]. Obviously, if you see a more detailed anatomy, you will perform surgery better. 3D systems enhance your perception of the 3D visualization of organs and surgical fields. That is why this technology may be very helpful in pelvic–perineal surgeries, which have complex anatomy in both male and female patients. In our daily clinical practice, CT or MRI scans give us very important clues before the surgery in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The basis of 3D printing technology is the 3D modeling of organs and anatomical structures
* Emre Huri [email protected] 1
Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
2
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
3
Imperial College London, London, UK
using DICOM. Therefore, we should take into account how we can take reconstruction data from 2-dimensional (2D) images to create 3D geometric models, which requires proper software and hardware. Medical images from hospitals consist of a 2D dataset and provide human body information as a slice. The human body has morphological structures in a 3D space. To recognize real human organs, the body should be reconstructed using 2D slices to obtain its precise position and shape. With medical 3D data, we can obtain more information about the human body, as well as more objective data from the simulation, which may contribute to more successful treatment and surgery plans. If we can simulate this 3D morphology, we may be able to obtain more information about the body and contribute to the clinical environment for both treatment and surgical outcomes. From modeling to the 3D printing process, there
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