3D Printing for Bone Regeneration
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REGENERATIVE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN OSTEOPOROSIS (S BRYANT AND M KREBS, SECTION EDITORS)
3D Printing for Bone Regeneration Amit Bandyopadhyay 1
&
Indranath Mitra 1 & Susmita Bose 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The purpose of this review is to illustrate the current state of 3D printing (3DP) technology used in biomedical industry towards bone regeneration. We have focused our efforts towards correlating materials and structural design aspects of 3DP with biological response from host tissue upon implantation. The primary question that we have tried to address is—can 3DP be a viable technology platform for bone regeneration devices? Recent Findings Recent findings show that 3DP is a versatile technology platform for numerous materials for mass customizable bone regeneration devices that are also getting approval from different regulatory bodies worldwide. Summary After a brief introduction of different 3DP technologies, this review elaborates 3DP of different materials and devices for bone regeneration. From cell-based bioprinting to acellular patient-matched metallic or ceramic devices, 3DP has tremendous potential to improve the quality of human life through bone regeneration among patients of all ages. Keywords 3D printing . Bone tissue engineering . Additive manufacturing . Scaffolds
Introduction Three-dimensional printing (3DP) or additive manufacturing (AM) has transformed the manufacturing world in the past three decades—from product design/concept models to rapid prototyping and functional part manufacturing. 3DP is a layer-by-layer process that allows us to manufacture complex structures without any part-specific tooling. The first commercial 3DP technology, called “stereolithography,” was introduced by Charles Hull in 1988. Since then, different 3DP processes have been introduced commercially for a variety of materials and applications [1, 2••]. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has classified 3DP into seven broad categories based on part manufacturing approaches, summarized in Table 1. The following section briefly This article is part of the Topical Collection on Regenerative Biology and Medicine in Osteoporosis * Amit Bandyopadhyay [email protected]
describes some of the 3DP processes that are relevant for treatment options for bone disorders.
Vat Photopolymerization This is the first commercial process, also known as “stereolithography (SLA).” In SLA, a photopolymer resin is cured on a build plate using an ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV beam moves based on the part design, one layer at a time. Later, this process was modified for area curing for each layer, called digital light processing (DLP) or continuous DLP (cDLP) which is faster than standard SLA. Since the printed part is immersed in a monomer liquid, the surface finish of the printed part is better than other polymer 3DP techniques. Vat photopolymerization can be used to print ceramic parts by forming a uniform suspension of ceramic powder in the phot
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