3D printing of polyvinylidene fluoride/photopolymer resin blends for piezoelectric pressure sensing application using th
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Research Letter
3D printing of polyvinylidene fluoride/photopolymer resin blends for piezoelectric pressure sensing application using the stereolithography technique Hoejin Kim and Luis Carlos Delfin Manriquez, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Md Tariqul Islam, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Luis A. Chavez and Jaime E. Regis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Md Ariful Ahsan and Juan C. Noveron, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Tzu-Liang B. Tseng, Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Yirong Lin, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Address all correspondence to Hoejin Kim at [email protected] (Received 29 May 2019; accepted 12 August 2019)
Abstract A simple and facile stereolithography 3D printing technique was utilized to fabricate piezoelectric photopolymer-based polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blends. Different process variables, such as solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide, DMF) to PVDF ratio and PVDF solution to photopolymer resin (PR) ratio, were engineered to enhance the dispersion of the PVDF into the PR so as to achieve the maximum piezoelectric coupling coefficient. Our results demonstrate that a ratio of 1:10 (PVDF:DMF) and 2 wt%-PVDF/PR was optimal for the best dissolution of the PVDF, 3D printability, and piezoelectric properties. Under these conditions, the blend generated ±0.121 nA under 80 N dynamic loading excitation. We believe that the findings of this work would promote many further studies on the mass production of flexible piezoelectric polymer blends with higher quality finished surface and design flexibility.
Introduction Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a widely studied polymer for its high ferroelectric response among polymers.[1–3] PVDF is a semi-crystalline material, possessing a unique molecular conformation with a repeated unit of (−CF2−CH2−), that has a large dipole moment of 7.58 × 10−28 C cm.[4] It can be morphed into four different states; α, β, γ, and δ, where it is naturally found in the electrically unresponsive, α-phase.[5] Since its discovery, PVDF β-phase has gained a large amount of scientific interest due to its unique planar zigzag (TTT) conformation that presents the highest netdipole moment among its crystal phases.[6] Along with its high piezoelectric response, its chemical robustness, mechanical properties, high flexibility, and low-cost make it an ideal material to be used in the areas of tactile and strain sensors, transducer, energy storage and harvesting, etc.[7] One of the real application using PVDF devices is a novel energy harvesting backpack that can generate electrical energy from the differential forces between the wearer and the pack. The shoulder straps of the backpack were made of piezoelectric PVDF films which endure
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