A case study of freshwater discharge in porous calcarenite formation in coastal terrace at Manapad, South India
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A case study of freshwater discharge in porous calcarenite formation in coastal terrace at Manapad, South India Vinoth Kingston Jeyapaul1,2 · Antony Ravindran Antony Jebamalai1,2 · Richard Abishek Selvam1,2 · Aswin Sudarsanan Krishnaveni1,2 · Antony Alosanai Promilton Antony Johnson1,2 Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The focus of this study is the discharge of freshwater from coastal terraces to coastal areas. A large amount of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) flow moves toward the sea. The study to determine the flux rate uses geology, grain size, magneto telluric, resistivity and water geochemistry for quality analysis. The research is on the structure of calcite and sandstone composed of high-porosity rocks in the entire terrace. The height of the platform is 45 m, and the high gradient of SGD flows through the porous medium. Rock types and grain studies are used to distinguish estuarine, beach and shallow sea environments. Round quartz grains were found at the top of the terrace in the form of nodules, which is evidence of the uplift of coastal landforms. In the microscopic study, the carbonate rock in the terrace contains calcium and other substances. The calcium substance has fine, medium, coarse grain and ionic properties. Resistivity sounding, 2D resistivity imaging, and magneto telluric technology are to use resistivity changes to determine the connectivity of permeable calcarinite rock and SGD in land and ocean underground discharges. Geochemical phase evolution maps are used to support freshwater and seawater intrusions in research areas. Water flow is calculated using 2D ERI and MT images. Due to the porosity and permeability of the rock, five open-hole wells in the Saint Xavier Cave were discovered, forming a calcarenite structure with a high water flow gradient. This is a useful case study for the purpose of drinking water for coastal people in the system of seepage aquifers. Keywords Coastal terrace · Magneto telluric · 2D ERT · Grain size · SGD flux
Introduction Freshwater and submarine groundwater have studied portable groundwater and deep aquifers in different areas (Swarzenski et al. 2006; Burnett et al. 2006; Wilson and Rocha 2012; Babu et al. 2009; Chawla et al. 2014; Duque et al. 2008; George et al. 2018; Krishan et al. 2015; Manivannan and Elango 2019; Mondal et al. 2010; Singaraja et al. 2016). Resistivity imaging technology is used for SGD flow, researchers Day-Lewis et al. (2006) and Ravindran and Ramanujam (2014). Granularity macro and micro research and granularity research are also used in different coastal
* Vinoth Kingston Jeyapaul [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Thoothukudi 628008, India
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
2
and estuary environments. Chen et al. (2013), Komar and Cui (1984), Guillen and Palanques (1996), Ravindran and Mondal (2015) and Ravindran et al. (2016), etc. EM technology research is used to id
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