Remote sensing-based assessment of Coastal Regulation Zones in India: a case study of Mumbai, India
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Remote sensing‑based assessment of Coastal Regulation Zones in India: a case study of Mumbai, India Pennan Chinnasamy1,2 · Aashni Parikh3 Received: 22 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Coastal pollution and encroachment in India are ever-growing issues, for which the Indian government drafted coastal regulation notifications for better management. However, many violations have occurred but not documented due to paucity in data. In recent decades, remote sensing tools are widely used to estimate encroachment and violations, where such official data are not available. This study uses satellite imagery to estimate violations that have occurred in the years 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2019, along the coastal regions of Maharashtra, India. Spatiotemporal variations in violations were assessed and classified into four violation classes: 75%. Over the study period, violations in the class > 75% increased by 110% while violations in the 75% violation class. This is a typical case wherein, once the city is saturated with urbanization, naturally sensitive regions are encroached, leading to violation of CRZs (e.g. Fig. 8).
5 Discussions From the results above, it was discerned that more than 90% of the violations were due to unsustainable urbanization activities, especially construction of urban coastal residences. In most instances, these residential complexes were highly priced due to the aesthetic value of having an apartment with a sea view. Once such high end complexes are constructed, the
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P. Chinnasamy, A. Parikh
Fig. 8 Coastal regional zone violations in Mumbai and Raigad segments of the Maharashtra coastline in 2019
infrastructure to support these complexes increases, such as construction of shops and restaurants. This was evident in the satellite imagery with the presence of sea links/roads (e.g., The Rajiv-Gandhi Sea Link in Mumbai), dock/ports (e.g., Bombay Port Trust in Sewri) and other industrial activity (e.g., Thermal Power Plant in Danahu). Additionally, it was noted from the results that the largest violation percentages, across all years, were concentrated in and around the mega metropolitan Mumbai city. Mumbai is also a cosmopolitan city that attracts many tourists to India, which has led to an increase in the number of tourist accommodations, tourist centers and facilities. Many studies have reported similar increases in CRZ violations, in localized regions along the Maharashtra coast (Dandapath et al. 2016; Chouhan et al. 2017, 2018; Dhiman et al. 2019b; Doshi 2019; Sahana et al. 2019; Sansare and Mhaske 2020). In the current study, from the spatiotemporal analysis, it was evident that the severity of CRZ violations increased over the past two decades (Table 3). For example, for the years 2002, 2008, 2014 and 2019, the percentages of violations in the > 75% class were 6, 6, 11 and 12% respectively, indicating an upward trajectory. For the similar period, the percentages of violations in the 75% class, occurred between 2008 and 2014 (5% increase),
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