A Cognitive Routing Protocol for Bio-Inspired Networking in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT)
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A Cognitive Routing Protocol for Bio-Inspired Networking in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) Fadi Al-Turjman 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract In this paper, we propose a framework for data delivery in nano-scale networks, where numerous wireless sensors are distributed on a human body, small object, tiny plant root, etc. Our framework caters for green energyefficient applications in the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) where data is relayed via nano-routers from a multifarious nanonodes towards a gateway connected to a large-scale network such as the Internet. We consider the entire network energy while choosing the next hop for our routed packets in the targeted wireless nanosensor network. Our delivery approach considers resource limitations in terms of hop count, and remaining energy levels. Moreover, extensive simulations are performed and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach in comparison to other baseline energyaware routing protocols. Keywords Data routing . Energy-efficiency . Internet of Nano-things . Nanonetworks
1 Introduction Recent advancement in nanotechnology development and design of nanoscale components with sizes ranging from one to a few hundred nanometers executing simple tasks such as sensing, actuation and computing have promoted a new class of nano-applications in multidisciplinary domains such as
* Fadi Al-Turjman [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, 99738 Kalkanlı, Güzelyurt, 10 Mersin, Turkey
environmental, industrial, biomedical sensing and monitoring, and especially the bio-inspired networking applications which heavily depends on nano-technologies. The connectivity and links between nano-devices (nodes) distributed to monitor a specific phenomenon have led to the idea of nanonetworks followed by the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) proposal. In IoNT, nanonetworks are connected to the internet via local gateways. Integrating IoNT with other local area network systems will expand the array of services that can be provided to public users as well as decision makers [1, 2]. Several IoNT’s design aspects that stem from its unique features in terms of limited-energy constraints, short communication range in THz band, and low processing power need to be incorporated into its routing protocols in order to realize the IoNT paradigm. Different challenges against routing protocols design in terms of energy are still being investigated with no currently fully developed solutions. Nanonetworks consume energy in almost all processes. They consume energy while making data transmission, data sensing and data processing. There have been a few attempts towards achieving energy efficiency in such networks via wireless multi-hop networking and have proposed adequate schemes, e.g. [3–6]. However, such schemes either assume static network topology, which render these schemes impractical for real-life network implementation, because nanonetworks exhibit random topology due to the mob
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