A comparative study of particle size and hollowness of LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 cathode materials for high-power Li-io
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A comparative study of particle size and hollowness of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials for high-power Li-ion batteries: effects on electrochemical performance Taira Aida 1
&
Takahiro Toma 2 & Satoshi Kanada 2
Received: 19 January 2020 / Revised: 3 May 2020 / Accepted: 6 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract It is well known that reducing particle size and/or hollowing the particles improves the electrochemical performance, especially the rate capability, of cathode material in Li-ion batteries. However, there has been no report comparing each effect quantitatively. In this research, a series of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials with different particle sizes and with different amounts of hollowness was synthesized by controlling the mass-ratio between the low-density core and the high-density shell as well as the size of the core of the Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 precursors, then compared and evaluated quantitatively. Increasing the hollowness increased the electrochemical reaction area and reduced the Li-ion diffusion distance more than reducing particle size. Due to these effects on the particle morphology, increasing hollowness greatly improved the cycle durability as well as the rate capability, as compared to reducing particle size. Keywords Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide . Hollowness . Particle size . Rate capability . Cycle durability
Introduction In recent years, global environmental concerns have accelerated the development and spread of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), pure electric vehicles (EVs), and fuel-cell-based electric vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). HEVs were first mass-produced by Toyota in December 1997, and their Prius line has become one of the most popular among fuel-efficient vehicles [1]. The type of battery used in HEVs is primarily responsible for the instantaneous power available during acceleration and the regenerative large-current charging during
* Taira Aida [email protected] 1
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., Battery Research Laboratories, Ichikawa Branch, 18-5, Nakakokubun 3-chome, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8588, Japan
2
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., Battery Research Laboratories, 17-3, Isoura-cho, Nihama, Ehime 792-0002, Japan
deceleration, requiring high power density. Nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries were adopted for early HEVs; however, they have sequentially been replaced by high-power Liion batteries (LIBs) to reduce size and improve electric capacity. Generally, lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (NCM) is used as the cathode material for LIBs, especially for HEVs, to balance rate capability, durability, and safety [2–4]. A large number of methods including controlling the lithium to transition metal molar ratio (Li/M ratio), distribution ratio of transition metal, substitution of other elements, coatings, and controlling morphology of the particles have been reported to improve the rate capability of NCM, and these methods a
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