A comprehensive insight into the effect of glutamine supplementation on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus: a syst
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REVIEW
A comprehensive insight into the effect of glutamine supplementation on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review Hamed Jafari‑Vayghan1,2, Parisa Varshosaz3, Fatemeh Hajizadeh‑Sharafabad4, Hamid Reza Razmi1, Mahdi Amirpour1, Omid Mohammad Tavakoli‑Rouzbehani1, Mohammad Alizadeh5* and Vahid Maleki1*
Abstract Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important threats to human health in the twenty-first century.The use of comple‑ mentary and alternative medicine to prevent, control, and reduce the complications of diabetes mellitus is increasing at present. Glutamine amino acid is known as a functional food.The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the potential role of glutamine supplementation on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus. For this review, Pub‑ Med, SCOPUS, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception through April 2020. All clinical trial and animal studies assessing the effects of glutamine on diabetes mellitus were eligible for inclusion. 19 studies of 1482 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the 19 studies, nine studies reported a significant increase in serum GLP-1 levels. Also, eight studies showed reducing in serum levels of fasting blood sugar, four studies reduc‑ ing in postprandial blood sugar, and triglyceride after glutamine supplementation. Although glutamine resulted in a significant increase in insulin production in seven studies, the findings on Hb-A1c levels were inconclusive. In addition to, despite of the results was promising for the effects of glutamine on weight changes, oxidative stress, and inflam‑ mation, more precise clinical trials are needed to obtain more accurate results. In conclusion, glutamine supplemen‑ tation could improve glycemic control and levels of incretins (such as GLP-1 and GIP) in diabetes mellitus. However, more studies are needed for future studies. Keywords: Glutamine, Diabetes mellitus, Glycemic control, GLP-1, Oxidative stress, Systematic review Introduction Diabetes mellitus is one of the major threats to human health in the twenty-first century [1]. The prevalence of this disease is rising dramatically in the world, and the global prevalence of diabetes is about 8.8% (415 million) in 2015 [2]. It is estimated that the prevalence of this *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 5 Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
disease will reach 439 million by 2030 and 642 million by 2040 [3]. Approximately 85% of patients with diabetes mellitus have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can be a result of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or a combination of these two [4]. Diabetes mellitus refers to metabolic diseases which are characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a result of impairment in insulin s
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