A Comprehensive Review of Saline Water Correlations and Data-Part I: Thermodynamic Properties
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REVIEW-MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
A Comprehensive Review of Saline Water Correlations and Data‑Part I: Thermodynamic Properties Muhammad M. Generous1 · Naef A. A. Qasem2 · Bilal A. Qureshi1 · Syed M. Zubair1 Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Thermodynamic properties in a format of correlations, models, and data are reviewed for saline water. Even though seawater properties were reviewed in the literature, different essential parametric conditions are considered in this paper, such as multicomponent (ions) concentration and high salinity, in addition to temperature and pressure. The thermodynamic properties are tabulated to include solution concentration, density, specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure, specific enthalpy, and specific entropy. Other thermophysical properties such as viscosity, surface tension, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, osmotic coefficient, activity coefficient, and thermal expansivity are discussed in the accompanying part II paper. This part aims at being a comprehensive reference source of these properties for all the saline water types, in which Na and Cl are the major constituents, including brackish water, seawater, and high saline water from basins, lakes, produced water from oil and gas hydraulic fracturing, and so on. The correlations are listed in tabular forms and evaluated in terms of accuracy against available experimental data. Guidelines for selecting some correlations are discussed as well. New correlations with high accuracy for NaCl-specific enthalpy and specific entropy are proposed for a salinity range of 0–260 g/kg (0–6 molal) at ambient conditions. Keywords Correlations · High salinity · Multi-component saline water · Thermodynamic properties List of Symbols C Concentration, mol/m3 CP Specific heat, J/kg K CPw Partial heat capacity of water in solution, J/kg K or cal/g K ϕ CP Apparent heat capacity, J/kg K co, c1, c2, c3, c4 Constants D Static dielectric constant of solvent ds Density of salt, kg/m3 e Unit electrical charge, 1.602 × 10−19 C F Faraday’s constant, 9.649 × 104 C/mol Gex Excess Gibbs energy, kJ g Specific Gibbs energy, kJ/kg These authors (Muhammad M. Generous, Naef A. A. Qasem) contributed equally to this work. * Syed M. Zubair [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Department of Aerospace Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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h Enthalpy of saline water, kJ/kg ϕ ϕ h, L Apparent enthalpy, kJ/kg h̄ Partial enthalpy, kJ/kg I Ionic strength K Salt-dependent parameter Kf Compressibility factor KATM Compressibility factor at atmospheric pressure Kb Boltzmann constant, 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K L Latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg m Molality, mol/kg mi Molality of ith ion, mol/kg Mw Molar mass of water, g/mol Mi Molar mass of ionic species, g/mol
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