A Comprehensive Study on Methods and Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production as a Renewable
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A Comprehensive Study on Methods and Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production as a Renewable Energy Resource Muhammad Rafique1 · Rikza Mubashar2 · Muneeb Irshad3 · S. S. A. Gillani4 · M. Bilal Tahir2 · N. R. Khalid2 · Aqsa Yasmin5 · M. Aamir Shehzad6 Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract High energy consumption, rapid increase in its demand and depletion of energy resources in the world are compelling the researchers for exploration of renewable energy resources in order to attain sustain development of nations. Many existing resources are being used to fulfil the current requirements. But these existing resources are also causing serious environmental pollution which is a very serious concern of the current era. Therefore, there is an immense need to think and produce environment friendly and sustainable renewable energy resources. Water, being abundant on Earth, is one of the most suitable sources of hydrogen energy. In this work the splitting of water and hydrogen production by different techniques, specially the promising photocatalysis technique, are discussed in detail. The water splitting and hydrogen production depend upon the properties of photocatalysts which rose from the nature, composition and other factors of photocatalysts. Therefore, this study discussed different materials like metal oxides, metal sulphides, nanocomposites, etc. which are used for photocatalytic hydrogen production. In addition, the pros and cons of the utilized materials are discussed to select the best class of materials for hydrogen production from water splitting. This review will help the beginners of this field to understand the basic mechanisms of different hydrogen production techniques along with their advantages and disadvantages. However, it will also help the field experts and industrialists to select the best class of materials for hydrogen evolution from water splitting. Keywords Photocatalysis · Water splitting · Hydrogen production · Co-catalyst · Nanocomposites · 2D materials
1 Introduction and Renewable Energy Resources * Muhammad Rafique [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
3
Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Physics, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
5
Department of Materials and Membrane Technology Center, Punjab Industrial Estate, Kasur, Pakistan
6
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
High energy consumption due to enormous increase in the world population and modern lifestyle are considered as the major reasons of energy crisis [1, 2]. Currently, fossil fuels are playing an important role to fulfill our da
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