A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 1

A History of Chinese Science and Technology (Voulumes 1, 2 & 3) presents 44 individual lectures, beginning with Ancient Chinese Science and Technology in the Process of Human Civilizations and An Overview of Ancient Chinese Science and Technology, and

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A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 1

A History of Chinese Science and Technology

Yongxiang Lu Editor

A History of Chinese Science and Technology Volume 1

13

Editor Yongxiang Lu Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Translated by Chuijun Qian, Qingping Hu, Xiaodi Li, Yao Wang and Liang Zhao Proofread by Weige Li, Dianhua Zhao

ISBN 978-3-662-44256-2 ISBN 978-3-662-44257-9  (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44257-9 Jointly published with Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press ISBN: 978-7-313-11707-6 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947137 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publishers’ locations, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publishers can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

It has been in my mind for many years that the rich Chinese culture and civilisation should be communicated more extensively to the world. The ancient Chinese civilisation—one of the world’s earliest civilisations flourished in the fertile basin of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era. As a significant part of the Chinese civilisation, Chinese science and technology with a rich history plays a vital role in the development of Chinese social cu