A hybrid MAC for non-orthogonal multiple access Unmanned Aerial Vehicles networks
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A hybrid MAC for non-orthogonal multiple access Unmanned Aerial Vehicles networks Saadullah Kalwar1 • Kwan-Wu Chin1 • Zhenhui Yuan2
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This paper considers a swarm of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) managed by a ground station. These UAVs may experience highly varying channel gains and collisions when they transmit to the ground station. To this end, we introduce a novel Learning Medium Access Control (L-MAC) for multi-rate UAVs and equip the ground station with Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) capability. The ground station uses L-MAC to learn a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule/frame length that yields the highest throughput. UAVs, on the other hand, use L-MAC to learn the best transmission slot and data rate for a given frame length. Our extensive simulation results show that L-MAC achieves up to five times higher throughput as compared to the well-known Aloha protocol. Specifically, L-MAC achieves a throughput of 500 kbps as compared to 100 kbps for Aloha. In comparison, Aloha with SIC achieves a throughput of 300 kbps for the same network scenario. On the other hand, the throughput of L-MAC is as most half that of the case when the ground station has perfect channel state information. Our results also show that the frame length is always set to around 60–75% of the total number of UAVs. Keywords MAC Resource allocation SIC NOMA IoT UAV VANET Wireless networks
1 Introduction Traditionally, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones have been associated with military applications. However, owing to their decreasing cost and size, they are increasingly finding use in civilian applications [1]. Small drones can be operated by a single person via a laptop or a smart phone. As they are unmanned, they can be used to carry out complex tasks to improve productivity and performance of existing networks. For example, UAVs are & Saadullah Kalwar [email protected] Kwan-Wu Chin [email protected] Zhenhui Yuan [email protected] 1
The School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
2
The School of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
now used in the agriculture industry to help spray chemicals and monitor crops [2]. UAVs can also function as mobile base stations [3], and form an ad-hoc communication backhaul after a natural disaster [4]. UAVs will also have a role to play in reducing transmission cost and improving reliability in Internet of Things (IoTs) networks [5]. Figure 1 shows multiple UAVs communicating with a single ground station. These UAVs are usually equipped with one or more sensors because they are required to communicate with the ground station periodically for remote piloting and transmission of sensed data. This data may be generated from an altimeter, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and/or a camera to name a few [6]. Hence, del
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