A mechanistic approach for the modulation of band gap of nanopolyaniline using various heterogeneous carbon nanostructur
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A mechanistic approach for the modulation of band gap of nanopolyaniline using various heterogeneous carbon nanostructures Gaurav Kumar1 · Jyoti Prakash Singh2 · Uttam Saha1,2 · Madhab Bera1 · Thako Hari Goswami2 · Pradip K. Maji1,3 Received: 11 May 2019 / Revised: 22 July 2019 / Accepted: 21 August 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The present work introduces a mechanistic approach for the synthesis of nanopolyaniline (nPANI) and modulation of its band gap using various carbon nanostructured materials. Carbon-based different nanostructures, viz. graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes, have been incorporated in situ for the preparation of nanocomposites. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based non-ionic surfactant-assisted oxidative polymerization of aniline was implemented. The major concern of this study is to present a possible mechanism and chemistry for the development of the nanomaterials (nPANI and its nanocomposites) and further the effect of heterogeneous carbon nanomaterials on both types of band gaps (optical and electrochemical) of nPANI in the presence of PEG. First time a comparative study between optical and electrochemical band gap has also been done to analyze the effect of carbon nanomaterials on nPANI. The prepared samples were characterized by Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical and optical properties were assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), respecopt tively. The electrochemical ( EgCV ) and optical ( Eg ) energy gap of nPANI was evaluated as 2.74 and 2.34 eV by CV and UV–Vis quantification, respectively. It was observed that incorporation of carbon nanomaterials at lower percentage improves Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s0028 9-019-02927-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pradip K. Maji [email protected] 1
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, UP 247001, India
2
Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment, DMSRDE P.O., G.T Road, Kanpur 208013, India
3
Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Polymer Bulletin
EgCV of nPANI to as minimum as 2.34 eV as per the CV data. Schematic energy diagram showing the band gap reduction and electron transport mechanism using CV has also been presented. Graphic abstract
Keywords Nanopolyaniline (nPANI) · Graphene oxide (GO) · Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) · Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) · Band gap
Introduction In the fields of electronics, sensors and solar energy technologies, conducting or conjugated polymers like polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, poly(p-phenylene), polyacetylene, etc., have been playing an epic role for a quite long time.
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