Mechanistic Understanding of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for the Dye Degradation in Wastewater
Water is one of the fundamental needs for the life on earth. However, the wastewater released from the industries consists of dyes and other organic molecules, which become the serious issue for the water pollution. Among all water remediation techniques,
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Mechanistic Understanding of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for the Dye Degradation in Wastewater Sahil Thareja
Abstract Water is one of the fundamental needs for the life on earth. However, the wastewater released from the industries consists of dyes and other organic molecules, which become the serious issue for the water pollution. Among all water remediation techniques, heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained scientific attention for the water purification in terms of degradation of dyes and other organic pollutants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a very robust, low cost method and can provide complete mineralization of the pollutants. In this context, this chapter deals with the basic principle and mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis; and the parameters affecting the degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the different functional photocatalyst material, their limitation and the modification in the structure of semiconductor catalyst to absorb visible light are discussed in this chapter. Keywords Dye degradation · Heterogeneous photocatalysis · Semiconductor · Visible light · Wastewater
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Introduction
The rapid population growth and global warming are comprehensively affecting our ecosystem, which reducing its capability to provide with sufficient quantity of food, drinkable water and good environment to live a healthy life (Pimental 1991). Water is one of the essence requirements for the human kind to survive on earth. To feed large population, there is exponential increase in the industrialization, agricultural activities from which many hazardous chemicals as pollutants are flowing through the wastewater without any pre-treatment, which is adversely affecting the water resources. As per World Health Organization (WHO) report, more than five million S. Thareja (*) Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 P. K. Gupta, R. N. Bharagava (eds.), Fate and Transport of Subsurface Pollutants, Microorganisms for Sustainability 24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6564-9_15
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peoples die annually due to diseases associated with unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation (Gleick 2015). The major sources of water adulteration are industrial and agricultural waste which deprive the quality of water sources by contaminating it with the hazardous wastes like textile dyes, paints, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals (such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), etc.), benzene, and phenolic compounds (Singh et al. 2019). By keeping in mind about the steady decrease in the clean and safe ground water level, there is an urgent requirement for developing a low cost and high competent water treatment technology to manage the wastewater efficiently and to mitigate its harsh effects on the environment. To save the clean water for drinkable and other important purposes, the recycling of wastewater effluent is one of the possible solutions by treating it to reuse in the agricultural and indus
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