ROS-associated immune response and metabolism: a mechanistic approach with implication of various diseases
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REVIEW ARTICLE
ROS‑associated immune response and metabolism: a mechanistic approach with implication of various diseases Sharmistha Banerjee1 · Sumit Ghosh1 · Ankita Mandal1 · Noyel Ghosh1 · Parames C. Sil1 Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining the defense mechanism against external agents and also internal danger signals. Metabolic programming of immune cells is required for functioning of different subsets of immune cells under different physiological conditions. The field of immunometabolism has gained ground because of its immense importance in coordination and balance of immune responses. Metabolism is very much related with production of energy and certain by-products. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as one of the by-products of various metabolic pathways. The amount, localization of ROS and redox status determine transcription of genes, and also influences the metabolism of immune cells. This review discusses ROS, metabolism of immune cells at different cellular conditions and sheds some light on how ROS might regulate immunometabolism. Keywords ROS · Macrophage · Immunometabolism · Oxidative stress · Glycolysis
Introduction The concept of metabolism and its interdependent relationship with the internal and external chemical environment have shaped the evolution of living organisms on this planet. The use of various chemical elements by living organisms from the environment to meet the metabolic needs by exchange of electrons in a series of oxidation–reduction steps, mediated through different carriers, has been constantly evolving among living organisms. The ultimate aim of the living organism is to obtain energy through metabolism for cellular growth and proliferation. A wide array of cellular cross talks among different types of cells are involved in cellular growth, proliferation and maintenance of homeostasis. These cellular cross talks require fine adjustment of metabolic pathways, and their spatial and temporal regulation. The physiological system generates many metabolic by-products to meet the energy demands of the cells under various environmental stimuli. ROS are one such metabolic by-product. The basal level of ROS is required for cellular growth and proliferation (Shadel and Horvath
2015). ROS are also required for proliferation and signal transduction for the activation of T cells, a key player of adaptive immunity (Franchina et al. 2018), while excessive accumulation of ROS leads to T-cell death. The concept regarding the role of metabolism in orchestrating immune response is ushered from the fact that expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) was upregulated in macrophages upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (Freemerman et al. 2014). Later on, questions arose such as: What is the basis of highly proliferating nature of tumor cells compared to that of normal cells? How are activated T cells, macrophages and B cells different from naive
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