A Model of Rat Embolic Cerebral Infarction with a Quantifiable, Autologous Arterial Blood Clot
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A Model of Rat Embolic Cerebral Infarction with a Quantifiable, Autologous Arterial Blood Clot Norihito Shimamura & Naoya Matsuda & Kiyohide Kakuta & Akiko Narita & Hiroki Ohkuma
Received: 10 April 2013 / Revised: 27 April 2013 / Accepted: 6 May 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract We developed a novel model of a rat embolic cerebral infarction with a quantifiable autologous arterial blood clot. The left femoral artery had 0.15 ml of blood withdrawn and mixed with 10 units of thrombin in 50 μl saline. After 30 min, the clot was suctioned into a 4-French polyvinyl chloride tube. A 24-gage catheter was inserted up through the internal carotid artery via the external carotid artery stump. The 1-cm clot, at a volume of 7.2 mm3, was pushed and inserted into the internal carotid artery via the catheter. After withdrawing the catheter, the ICA blood flow recovered. We checked neurological status after 24 h (neurological free was 15, and worst was 1) and measured the infarction volume by the TTC method. Twelve rats were examined, and five shamoperated rats were included. Two rats were not able to achieve an 80 % reduction in CBF. One rat died due to cerebral infarction. The success rate in producing infarction was 83 %. The total infarction volume was 368.5 mm3 ±61.2 se. Median neurological score was 6. Hemorrhagic transformation was not detected. Sham-operated rats revealed no infarction and no neurological deficit. The volume of infarction correlated significantly with the neurological score. We conclude that this embolic stroke model is useful in producing a human, severe cardioembolic cerebral infarction. Keywords Autologous arterial clot . Embolic cerebral ischemia . Pathophysiology . Quantifiable clot . Rat
Introduction In Japan, over 1.3 million patients suffer from cerebrovascular diseases, while ischemic cerebral stroke patients N. Shimamura (*) : N. Matsuda : K. Kakuta : A. Narita : H. Ohkuma Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5-Zaihuchou, Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, Japan 036-8562 e-mail: [email protected]
number about one million. Even though we can use tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for acute ischemic stroke cases, only 5 % of those are treated with t-PA. Additionally, it is difficult to recanalize the internal carotid artery or proximal part of the middle cerebral artery with systemically applied t-PA or fibrinolytic medicines. The most serious problem that arises in those ischemic strokes is that of poor patient prognosis when we cannot recanalize the major artery [1, 2]. We have already reported two methods to develop a middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO): the first was a silicon-coated nylon suture MCAO and the second a transfemoral approach to MCAO that preserves the external carotid artery [3, 4]. But these models do not place the blood clot in the major rat artery. In human embolic stroke, dissolved blood clots or fluid reside in the artery. The rat embolic stroke model was first reported by Kudo et
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