A Modular MIMO Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radar System for Space Applications and Its Components
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A Modular MIMO Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radar System for Space Applications and Its Components Michael Hrobak1 · Karsten Thurn2 · Jochen Moll3 · Maruf Hossain4 · Amit Shrestha3 · Thualfiqar Al-Sawaf5 · Dimitri Stoppel6 · Nils G. Weimann7 · 4 · Wolfgang Heinrich4 · Javier Martinez8 · Martin Vossiek8 · ¨ Adam Ramer ¨ Tom K. Johansen9 · Viktor Krozer3 · Marion Resch10 · Jurgen Bosse10 · 11 12 12 Michael Sterns · Kai Loebbicke · Stefan Zorn · Mohamed Eissa13 · Marco Lisker13 · Frank Herzel13 · Robert Miesen14 · Klaus Vollmann15 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 / © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article presents the design and prototyping of components for a modular multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) millimeter-wave radar for space applications. A single radar panel consists of 8 transmitters (TX) and 8 receivers (RX), which can be placed several times on the satellite to realize application-specific radar apertures and hence different cross-range resolutions. The radar chirp signals are generated by SiGe:C BiCMOS direct-digital-synthesizers (DDS) in the frequency range of 1 to 10.5 GHz with a chirp repetition rate of 30 dB gain with noise figure values of 9 dB, respectively. The MIMO radar utilizes patch antenna arrays on organic multilayer printed circuit boards (PCB) with 18 dBi gain and 18◦ half power beamwidth (HPBW). Generation of power supply and control signals, analogto-digital conversion (ADC), and radar signal processing are provided centrally to each panel. The radar supports detection and tracking of satellites in distances up to 1000 m and image generation up to 20 m, which is required to support orbital maneuvers like satellite rendezvous and docking for non-cooperative satellites. Keywords FMCW radar · Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) · Imaging radar · Millimeter-wave radar · Satellite tracking · Synthetic aperture imaging · W-band · Indium phosphide (InP) · Transferred substrate InP DHBT · Silicon germanium (SiGe) · Heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) · Monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) · Transceiver · Direct-digital-synthesizer (DDS) · Gilbert cell mixer · Power amplifier · Broadband filter · Low-noise amplifier (LNA) · Phase-locked-loop (PLL)
1 Introduction Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radars are promising candidates to support orbital maneuvers like satellite rendezvous and docking. In contrast to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems [1], radars operate independently of the lighting situation and capture 3-D data without mechanical movement including the object’s relative velocity. In the case of docking, a servicing satellite is approaching a non-cooperative satellite (object), which, e.g., reached end-of-life operation. Here the servicing satellite should adjust its orbit and its approach velocity as to align with the object’s kinematics [2]. The radar can determine the object’s relative position in 3-D from range and direction-of-arrival (DoA) information and its rotational velocities f
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